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wow woah insane its the best science flash cards in the observable universe confirmed > Organic chemistry > Flashcards

Organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Compound made of only H and C

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2
Q

Homologous series

A

Series of organic compounds with the same functional group and general formula

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3
Q

Functional group

A

Group of atoms responsible for the reactions of a compound

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4
Q

Saturated

A

Contains only single bonds

or has max amount of hydrogens attached

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5
Q

Isomers

A

Molecules that share the same molecular formula, but have different atom arrangements

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6
Q

Chain isomers

A

Isomers with different positions and amounts of carbon chains

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7
Q

Position isomers

A

Isomers with different positions for functional groups

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8
Q

Functional group isomers

A

Isomers with different functional groups

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9
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Isomers formed by rotation about a double bond between two carbons (both carbons must have two different groups attached)

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10
Q

Methods of obtaining alkane fuels

A
  • fractional distillation
  • cracking
  • reforming
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11
Q

Fractional distillation

A
  • crude oil is vaporised
  • it is then passed into a fractionating column
  • the vapour is cooled as it rises
  • hydrocarbons condense at different heights based on boiling points
  • mixtures of similar fuels called fractions are collected
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12
Q

Cracking

A
  • thermal decomposition of long chain hydrocarbons

- more useful, shorter chain fuels are formed

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13
Q

Reforming

A
  • processing of straight chain hydrocarbons

- cyclic and branched fuels are produced for more efficient combustion

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14
Q

Pollutants formed from combustion

A
  • carbon monoxide
  • sulfur and nitrogen oxides
  • carbon particulate
  • unburned fuel
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15
Q

Problem with carbon monoxide

A

Toxic

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16
Q

Problem with sulfur and nitrogen oxides

A

Causes acid rain

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17
Q

How a catalytic converter works

A
  • precious metal catalysts are spread over a large surface area
  • exhaust fumes pass over the catalysts
  • harmful gases are adsorbed and converted into less harmful gases
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18
Q

Pros and cons of biofuel (compared to fossil fuel)

A

Pros:

  • renewable
  • closer to carbon neutral

Cons:

  • large amount of land needed
  • lower fuel yield
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19
Q

Stages of radical substitution

A
  • initiation
  • propagation
  • termination
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20
Q

Radical

A

A species with an unpaired outer shell electron (shown as a dot)

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21
Q

Initiation

A
  • caused by UV light
  • homolytic fission of the covalent bond in a halogen molecule
  • two halogen radicals are produced
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22
Q

Propagation

A
  • a radical reacts with a molecule
  • a new radical and molecule are formed
  • the cycle continues
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23
Q

Termination

A
  • a radical reacts with another radical

- a molecule is formed

24
Q

Limitations of radical substitution (to form a specific product)

A
  • many different products formed because of the many propagation and termination reactions
  • low atom economy
  • desired product needs to be separated out
25
Q

Types of bonds present in a double covalent bond

A

1 sigma, 1 pi

26
Q

Electrophile

A

Electron pair acceptor

27
Q

Hydrogenation

A
  • electrophilic addition of hydrogen with an unsaturated molecule
  • requires heat + nickel catalyst
  • alkene&raquo_space; alkane
  • vegetable oil&raquo_space; margarine
28
Q

Production of dihalogenoalkanes / test for saturation

A
  • electrophilic addition of halogens with alkenes
  • combine at room temp
  • goes from green / orange / brown to colourless
29
Q

Production of halogenoalkanes (from alkenes)

A
  • electrophilic addition of hydrogen halides

- bubble through at room temperature

30
Q

Production of alcohols (from alkenes)

A
  • electrophilic addition of steam

- requires acid catalyst

31
Q

Production of diols (from alkenes)

A
  • reaction with potassium manganate(vii) (oxidising agent) and water
  • requires acidic conditions
32
Q

Homolytic fission

A
  • covalent bond is broken
  • both atoms take one electron from the bond
  • this forms two radicals
33
Q

Heterolytic fission

A
  • covalent bond is broken
  • one atom takes both electrons from the bond
  • this forms two oppositely charged ions
34
Q

Uses of polymer waste

A
  • recycled
  • used as fuel (incinerated)
  • turned into useful chemicals via cracking
35
Q

How chemistry helps in polymer disposal

A
  • polymers can be made biodegradable by using additives or by using plant based materials
  • harmful pollutants from incinerators can be managed
36
Q

What makes a functional group primary, secondary, or tertiary?

A

The number of chains attached to the same carbon as the functional group

37
Q

Nucleophile

A

Electron pair donor

38
Q

2 methods for production of alcohols (from halogenoalkanes)

A

Method 1:

  • nucleophilic substitution with OH-
  • uses aqueous potassium hydroxide under reflux

Method 2:

  • nucleophilic substitution with water
  • uses water mixed in ethanol (with silver nitrate to test for halide ions produced)
39
Q

Production of nitriles (from halogenoalkanes)

A
  • nucleophilic substitution with CN-
  • uses ethanolic potassium cyanide
  • remember that a carbon is added to the chain
40
Q

Production of primary amines (from halogenoalkanes)

A
  • nucleophilic substitution with ammonia
  • uses ammonia in a sealed tube
  • 2 ammonias are needed for the mechanism
41
Q

Production of alkenes (from halogenoalkanes)

A
  • elimination with OH-

- heat with ethanolic potassium hydroxide

42
Q

Why ethanol is used in halogenoalkane reactions

A
  • water / aqueous solutions do not mix with organic molecules
  • ethanol can dissolve both the halogenoalkane and the other reactant, allowing them to react
43
Q

Trend in reactivity of primary, secondary, and tertiary halogenoalkanes

A

Tertiary is most reactive

44
Q

Trend in reactivity of halogenoalkanes if you change the halogen

A
  • reactivity is highest for iodoalkanes (increases down the group)
  • this is because bond enthalpy is lower
45
Q

Production of chloroalkanes (from alcohols)

A

Add phosphorus(v) chloride

46
Q

Production of bromoalkanes (from alcohols)

A

Add potassium bromide and sulfuric acid

47
Q

Production of iodoalkanes (from alcohols)

A

Add red phosphorus and iodine

48
Q

Production of aldehydes (from alcohols)

A
  • use a primary alcohol
  • oxidation using potassium dichromate(vi) with dilute sulfuric acid
  • distill as product is formed
49
Q

Production of carboxylic acids (from alcohols)

A
  • use a primary alcohol
  • oxidation using potassium dichromate(vi) and dilute sulfuric acid
  • reflux then distill
50
Q

Production of ketones (from alcohols)

A
  • use a secondary alcohol
  • oxidation using potassium dichromate(vi) with dilute sulfuric acid
  • reflux then distill
51
Q

Why tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidised

A
  • oxidation in this case is a loss of hydrogen

- there are no hydrogens connected to the same carbon as the hydroxyl group

52
Q

All tests for aldehydes (with positive results)

A

Heat with:

  • potassium dichromate(vi) (orange to green)
  • tollen reagent (grey precipitate)
  • fehling solution (blue to red)
53
Q

Production of alkenes (from alcohols)

A

Heat with a phosphoric acid catalyst

54
Q

Distillation

A
  • impure liquid is heated in a flask connected to a condenser
  • the liquid with the lowest boiling point evaporates and passes into the condenser first, being collected in another flask
55
Q

Extraction using a solvent

A
  • find a solvent that does not mix with the reaction mixture’s solvent
  • desired product must be more soluble in this second solvent
  • add both liquids to a separating funnel and shake them together
  • allow the contents to settle into two layers and separate them
  • most of the desired product should now be in the second solvent
56
Q

Removing water with drying agents

A
  • add powdered drying agent to the liquid
  • swirl, then leave it for a while
  • drying agent goes from powder to crystals when absorbing water
  • add more drying agent
  • if no further water is absorbed, the liquid is dry
  • filter out the crystals

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