Organic Chemistry -1 Flashcards
what is a general organic reaction
In an organic reaction, the organic molecule
(also referred as a substrate) reacts with an
appropriate attacking reagent and leads to the
formation of one or more intermediate(s) and
finally product(s)
what is reaction mechanism
A sequential account of each step,
describing details of electron movement,
energetics during bond cleavage and bond
formation, and the rates of transformation
of reactants into products (kinetics) is
referred to as reaction mechanism.
what is heterolytic cleavage
Cleavage in which unequal distribution of electrons takes place during
the bond cleavage is known as heterolytical cleavage. Due to unequal distribution of electrons, ions are formed.
That’s why it is also known as ionic cleavage or heterolytical cleavage.
the shared pair of
electrons remains with one of the fragments.
it take place only in polar solvents
what is homolytic cleavage
Cleavage in which equal distribution of e–s takes place during the
chemical reaction is known as homolytical cleavage.
Due to equal distribution of electrons, without charge unpaired electrons species is formed, which is
known as free radical and cleavage is known as unionic cleavage/homolytical fission.
it takes place in non-polar solvents
A
reagent that takes away an electron pair is
called electrophile (E+) i.e., electron seeking
and the reaction is called electrophilic.
the electrophiles attack at
nucleophilic centre, which is the electron
rich centre of the substrate. Thus, the
electrophiles receive electron pair from
nucleophile when the two undergo bonding
interaction.
A reagent that brings an electron pair is called
a nucleophile (Nu:) i.e., nucleus seeking and
the reaction is then called nucleophilic. During a polar organic reaction, a
nucleophile attacks an electrophilic centre of
the substrate which is that specific atom or
part of the electrophile that is electron
deficient.
