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H2 Chemistry > organic chem (sec 4 level) > Flashcards

organic chem (sec 4 level) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A functional group is a group of atoms or bonds common to a family or organic compounds, and which determines the principal chemical properties or reactions of the series.

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2
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A homologous series is group of compounds with a general formula, similar chemical properties and showing a gradation in physical properties as a result of increase in the size and mass of the molecules, e.g. melting and boiling points; viscosity; flammability.

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3
Q

General Formula of Alkanes

A

C(n)H(2n+2)

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4
Q

General Formula of Alkenes

A

C(n)H(2n)

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5
Q

General Formula of Alcohol

A

C(n)H(2n+1)OH

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6
Q

General Formula of Carboxylic Acid

A

C(n)H(2n+1)COOH

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7
Q

General Formula of Ester

A

H/R-c { (=O) (-O-R)

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8
Q

ALKANES

What does it meant by saturated hydrocarbons?

A

All carbon-carbon atoms are single bonds.

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9
Q

Isomerism in alkanes can occur in two forms:

A

Branched or Straight chain alkanes (no functional group for alkanes, so positional isomerism does not apply here) i.e positional isomerism is applicable to alkenes, alcohol and carboxylic acids.

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10
Q

Properties of Alkanes (and its reactions)

A

Alkanes generally unreactive except in terms of combustion and substitution by Chlorine.

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11
Q

Reactions of Alkanes: Free-radical substitution by halogens (chlorine and bromine)

What is the condition for free-radical substitution in order for the formation of halogenoalkanes to take place?

What happens when you react methane with chlorine?

A

Alkanes react with halogens such as Cl(2) and Br(2) in the presence of strong sunlight or ultraviolet light to form halogenoalkanes.

One of the H atoms is substituted by a Cl atom (mono substitution).

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12
Q

ISOMERISM
Define Constitutional Isomerism

What are the two types of isomerism under constitutional isomerism?

A

Constitutional isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formulae but different structural formulae.

Under Constitutional Isomerism:

  1. Chain Isomerism
  2. Positional Isomerism
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13
Q

ISOMERISM

Define chain isomerism and describe the two types of chains.

A

Different arrangements of carbon atoms to form different carbon skeletons
straight chains and branched chain (alkanes)

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14
Q

ALKENES
What is the functional group for alkenes?
What is meant by unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A

Hydrocarbons which have one or more C=C (carbon-carbon double bond) in their compounds.

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15
Q

ALKENES

What are the three reactions of alkenes?

A
  1. Combustion
  2. Electrophilic addition of bromine and steam
  3. Reduction (addition of hydrogen)
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16
Q

REACTION OF ALKENES (REACTION 2.1)
Electrophilic Addition with bromine

What are the reagent and conditions for this reaction?

Illustrate this reaction by writing out the equation in the form of structural formula of the substances involved.

What do you observe when ethene is bubbled into Br(2) dissolved in CC(4) at room temperature (in the dark)?
Account for this observation as stated.

A

Alkene is able to react with bromine to form halogenoalkanes.
Reagent and Conditions: Cl(2) in CCL(4) at room temperature in absence of light/in the dark where X=Cl or Br.

The reddish-brown colour of Br(2) in CCl(4) is rapidly decolorized.
Br(2) is added across the C=C bond to give 1,2-dibromoethane via electrophilic addition mechanism

17
Q

REACTION OF ALKENES (REACTION 2.2)
Electrophilic Addition with steam

What is produced during this reaction?

What are the reagent and conditions for this reaction?

A

What is produced during this reaction?
Addition of steam to alkenes produces alcohols.

What are the reagent and conditions for this reaction?
(A) Lab method:
Cold concentrated H(2)SO(4), followed by boiling water; or
(B) Industrial method
Steam and H(3)PO(4) as catalyst, high temperature and high pressure

18
Q

REACTION OF ALKENES (REACTION 2.3)
Reduction (addition of hydrogen)

What are the reagent and conditions for this reaction?

Illustrate this reaction with an equation using a structural formula.

A

Reagent and conditions:
Method (1):
H(2) gas with nickel catalyst, at high temperature and high pressure
H(2) gas with platinum catalyst at room temperature

19
Q

ALCOHOLS

What is the functional group for alcohols?

A

-OH

20
Q

ALCOHOLS

Draw the structural formula for two isomers for butanol.

A

Check lecture notes.

21
Q

ALCOHOLS
Describe the reaction for the formation of alcohols.
What type of reaction is this?
What are the reagent and conditions for this reaction?
Illustrate this reaction with an equation using structural formula. State the reagents added and conditions needed for this reaction to take place.

A

Describe the reaction for the formation of alcohols.
The addition of steam to alkenes produces alcohols.

What type of reaction is this?
Electrophilic Addition.

What are the reagent and conditions for this reaction?
Method (1): Laboratory Method
Cold concentrated H(2)SO(4), followed by boiling with water

Method (2) Industrial method:
Steam and phosphoric acid - H(3)PO(4), high temperature and high pressure

Illustrate this reaction with an equation using structural formula. State the reagents added and conditions needed for this reaction to take place.
Check lecture notes pg 12

22
Q

ALCOHOLS

What are the two reactions for alcohols?

A
  1. Combustion
  2. Oxidation to carboxylic acids

Alcohols such as ethanol are oxidized to form carboxylic acids when they are heated with an OA such as potassium manganate (VII) in dilute sulfuric acid.

23
Q

ALCOHOLS
Reaction 2: Oxidation of alcohols to carboxylic acids.
What type of reaction is this?
What are the reagent and conditions for this reaction?
What are the observations for the different reagents added?
Illustrate the reaction using structural formula. State the conditions and reagents added in this reaction.

A

ALCOHOLS
Reaction 2: Oxidation of alcohols to carboxylic acids.
What type of reaction is this?
Oxidation

What are the reagent and conditions for this reaction?
K(2)Cr(2)O(7), H(2)SO(4), heat under reflux*

What are the observations for the different reagents added?
Illustrate the reaction using structural formula. State the conditions and reagents added in this reaction.

H2 Chemistry (5 decks)

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