Organic Chem Review Flashcards
Natural gas is composed of
methane
Petroleum
is a complex mixture containing more than a thousand compounds.
fractional distillation
involves boiling petroleum and collecting components or fractions as they condense at different temperatures
The condensation temperatures generally decrease with molecular mass.
The condensation temperatures generally ___________ with molecular mass.
decrease
Cracking
is the process where heavier fractions are converted to gasoline by breaking their large molecules into smaller molecules
Three types are
Thermal Cracking
Catalytic Cracking
Hydro cracking
Thermal Cracking
- uses high temps and pressures; wasteful
Catalytic Cracking
uses a catalyst and less harsh conditions
Hydro cracking
a combo of hydrogenation and catalytic cracking
Catalytic reforming
• rearranges straight-chain molecules into aromatics
• gives better burning qualities; improves fuel quality
• uses catalysts to increase rate of reaction
Alkylation
• increases branching in straight-chain molecules
• gives better burning qualities
• also called isomerization
Gasoline
mixture of hydrocarbons
Polymers
are large molecules consisting of many repeating structural units
monomer
is a molecule from which a polymer is made
polymerization reaction
a reaction in which monomer units are bonded together to form a polymer is called a
Structural unit
The repeating group of atoms formed by the bonding of the
monomers is called the
structural unit of the polymer.
addition polymerization
all of the atoms present in the monomers are kept and just link up tegether
Condensation polymerization
occurs when monomers that contain at least two functional
groups combine with the loss of small by-product, usually water
Properties of Polymers
•some can be drawn into fine fibers softer than silk
•some are strong as steel
•do not rust
•many are more durable than natural materials such as wood
• easy to mold into different shapes
Two Categories of Polymers
• thermoplastic
• thermosetting
thermoplastic polymer
is one that can be meted and molded repeatedly into shapes that are retained when cooled
thermosetting polymer
is one that can be molded when it is first prepared, but after it cools it cannot be remelted.
