Organic Chem Conditions and Stuff Flashcards
When an alkane reacts with a halogen, what is the:
- Product
- Conditions
- Type of reaction
- Haloalkane
- UV light
- Free radical substitution
When a haloalkane reacts with ammonia/amines, what is the:
- Product
- Conditions
- Type of reaction
- Amine (if primary amine then reacts with the haloalkane, secondary amine forms and so on…)
- excess ethanolic ammonia/amine, heat (no reflux as ammonia is too volatile so would escape condenser)
- nucleophilic substitution
When a haloalkane reacts with NaCN/KCN, what is the:
- Product
- Conditions
- Type of reaction
- Nitrile and halide ion
- use ethanol as solvent, anhydrous, and heat under reflux
- nucleophilic subsition
When a haloalkane reacts with NaOH/KOH, what is the:
- Product
- Conditions
- Type of reaction
- Alcohol and halide ion
- heat under reflux, water as the solvent (so NaOH/KOH can dissociate to form hydroxide ions)
- nucleophilic substitution
How is a nitrile/hydroxynitrile converted to an amine? What are the:
- Conditions
- Type of reaction
- Using LiAlH4 followed by dilute acid
OR just H2 gas in the presence of a Ni catalyst, high temp of 150 degrees and raised pressure - Both reduction (second one also called catalytic hydrogenation)
When a nitrile/hydroxynitrile reacts with water, what is the:
- Product
- Conditions
- Type of reaction
- Forms a carboxylic acid (+ ammonium salt)
- Strong acid catalyst e.g. HCl, heat under reflux
- Acid hydrolysis
How do you make a alkylammonium salt from an amine, what is the?
- Reagent
- Conditions
- Type of reaction
- Strong acid*
- No conditions we need to know.
- Nucleophilic substitution
*If HCl used then , akylammonium chloride would form, HNO3 = nitrate etc. This react is concerning how an amine can amine can accept a hydrogen ion from the salt to produce a positive alkylammonium ion. Then the +ve alkyl ammonium forms an ionic bond with the -ve chloride (if HCl used)
When an alkene reacts with a hydrogen halide, what is the:
- Product
- Conditions
- Type of reaction
- haloalkane
- RTP
- electrophilic addition
When an alkene reacts with a halogen, what is the:
- Product
- Conditions
- Type of reaction
- dihaloalkane
- No conditions we need to know
- electrophilic addition
When an alkene reacts with hydrogen gas, what is the:
- Product
- Conditions
- Type of reaction
- alkane
- Ni catalyst, 150degrees temp and raised pressure
- electrophilic addition/ hydrogenation*
*is it electrophilic addition
When an alkene reacts with steam, what is the:
- Product
- Conditions
- Type of reaction
- alcohol
- phosphoric acid catalyst, 300degress, 65 atm
- electrophilic addition/hydration
*is this electrophilic addition?
How is an alcohol converted into an alkene? What are the
- Conditions
- Type of reaction
- Concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst, 170degrees
- Dehydration/ Elimination
When an alcohol reacts sodium halide, what are the:
- Products
- Conditions
- Type of reaction
- haloalkane
- conc. H2SO4 if the sodium halide was a bromide and H3PO4 if sodium halide was an iodide
- nucleophilic substitution
When an alcohol (not phenol) reacts with carboxylic acid, what is the:
- Product
- Conditions
- Type of reaction
- ester and water
- conc. H2SO4 catalyst, heat (80 degrees)
- addition-elimination reaction/esterification
*DO WE ACTUALLY NEED TO KNOW THE TEMPERATURE OF REACTIONS.
How else is an ester made and what are the:
- reactants
- products
- conditions
- type of reaction
- observations
- acid anhydride + alcohol (including phenol)
- ester + carboxylic acid
- gentle heating
- esterification
- no need observations
- acyl chloride + alcohol (including phenol)
- ester + HCl gas
- gentle heating
- esterification
- misty fumes of HCL
BOTH OF THESE ARE IIREVERSIBLE UNLIKE THE OTHER ESTERIFICATION
*check if either of these are addition-elimination reactions.
When a primary alcohol reacts with acidified potassium dichromate, what is the: - Product - Conditions - Type of reaction PARTIAL OXIDATION
- aldehyde
- heat with acidified potassium dichromate (K2CR2O7/H2SO4), distil immediately
- oxidation
When a primary alcohol reacts with acidified potassium dichromate, what is the: - Product - Conditions - Type of reaction FULL OXIDATION
- carboxylic acid
- excess acidified potassium dichromate (K2CR2O7/H2SO4), heat under reflux
- oxidation
When a secondary alcohol reacts with acidified potassium dichromate, what is the:
- Product
- Conditions
- Type of reaction
- ketone
- acidified potassium dichromate (K2CR2O7/H2SO4), heat under reflux
- oxidation
What are the two ways of ester hydrolysis?
acid and alkaline hydrolysis
When an ester reacts with water, what is the: - Product - Conditions - Type of reaction ACIDIC conditions
- carboxylic acid + alcohol
- hot dilute aqueous acid catalyst e.g. H2SO4, under reflux.
- acid hydrolysis
When an ester reacts with water, what is the: - Product - Conditions - Type of reaction ALKALINE conditions
- carboxylate salt + alcohol
- hot aqueous alkali catalyst e.g. NaOH, under reflux.
- alkaline hydrolysis
How are acyl chlorides produces? What are the:
- reactants
- products
- conditions
- type of reaction
- carboxylic acid + SOCL2/thionyl chloride
- acyl chloride, sulfuric dioxide, HCl gas (misty white fumes)
- no conditions we need to know
- acylation
When an acyl chloride reacts with water, what is the:
- Product
- Conditions
- Type of reaction
- Observation
- Carboxylic acid + HCl gas
- No conditions we need to know about
- Nucleophilic addition-elimination reaction
- Misty fumes of HCl seen
When an acyl chloride reacts with NH3, what is the:
- Product
- Conditions
- Type of reaction
- primary amide + ammonium chloride
- conc. NH3 solution
- nucleophilic addition-elimination reaction
When an acyl chloride reacts with primary amide, what is the:
- Product
- Conditions
- Type of reaction
- secondary amide
+ HCl gas - cold, conc. primary amide
- nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions
What are the two ways of polyester/polyamide hydrolysis?
acid and alkaline hydrolysis
What is the polyester hydrolysed into in acidic conditions. State conditions and products.
- Conditions: strong aqueous acid
- Products: diol + dicarboxylic acid
What is the polyester hydrolysed into in alkaline conditions. State conditions and products.
- Conditions: hot aqueous sodium hydroxide
- Products: diol + dicarboxylate salt
What is the polyamide hydrolysed into in acidic conditions. State conditions and products.
- Conditions: strong aqueous acid
- Products: diammonium salt + dicarboxylic acid
What is the polyamide hydrolysed into in alkaline conditions. State conditions and products.
- Conditions: hot aqueous sodium hydroxide
- Products: diaime + dicarboxylate salt
How are nitrobenzenes formed?
- Reactants
- Products
- Conditions
- Type of reaction
- HNO3 + benzene
- nitrobenzene + water
- concentrated HNO3 and concentrated H2SO4, heat under reflux at 50 degrees
- electrophilic substitution/nitration
How are halobenzenes formed?
- Reactants
- Products
- Conditions
- Type of reaction
- Br2/Cl2 + benzene
- Halobenzene + hydrogen halide
- Halogen carrier like AlBr3, FeBr3, Fe/AlCl3, FeCl3, Fe
- electrophilic substitution/halogenation
How are alkylbenzenes formed?
- Reactants
- Products
- Conditions
- Type of reaction
- Haloalkanes + benzene
- Alkylbenzene + hydrogen halide
- Halogen carrier, like AlCl3/AlBr3 depending on halogen
- Excess benzene increases yield of single-subsituted benzene. Excess haloalkane = yield of multiple substitued benzene
- electrophilic substitution
How are acylbenzenes formed?
- Reactants
- Products
- Conditions
- Type of reaction
- Benzene + acyl chloride
- Acylbenzene + HCl
- Anhydrous conditions, heat under reflux at 60 with AlCl3 halogen carrier.
