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Chemistry OCR AS Level > Organic Chem Conditions and Stuff > Flashcards

Organic Chem Conditions and Stuff Flashcards

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1
Q

When an alkane reacts with a halogen, what is the:

  • Product
  • Conditions
  • Type of reaction
A
  • Haloalkane
  • UV light
  • Free radical substitution
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2
Q

When a haloalkane reacts with ammonia/amines, what is the:

  • Product
  • Conditions
  • Type of reaction
A
  • Amine (if primary amine then reacts with the haloalkane, secondary amine forms and so on…)
  • excess ethanolic ammonia/amine, heat (no reflux as ammonia is too volatile so would escape condenser)
  • nucleophilic substitution
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3
Q

When a haloalkane reacts with NaCN/KCN, what is the:

  • Product
  • Conditions
  • Type of reaction
A
  • Nitrile and halide ion
  • use ethanol as solvent, anhydrous, and heat under reflux
  • nucleophilic subsition
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4
Q

When a haloalkane reacts with NaOH/KOH, what is the:

  • Product
  • Conditions
  • Type of reaction
A
  • Alcohol and halide ion
  • heat under reflux, water as the solvent (so NaOH/KOH can dissociate to form hydroxide ions)
  • nucleophilic substitution
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5
Q

How is a nitrile/hydroxynitrile converted to an amine? What are the:

  • Conditions
  • Type of reaction
A
  • Using LiAlH4 followed by dilute acid
    OR just H2 gas in the presence of a Ni catalyst, high temp of 150 degrees and raised pressure
  • Both reduction (second one also called catalytic hydrogenation)
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6
Q

When a nitrile/hydroxynitrile reacts with water, what is the:

  • Product
  • Conditions
  • Type of reaction
A
  • Forms a carboxylic acid (+ ammonium salt)
  • Strong acid catalyst e.g. HCl, heat under reflux
  • Acid hydrolysis
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7
Q

How do you make a alkylammonium salt from an amine, what is the?

  • Reagent
  • Conditions
  • Type of reaction
A
  • Strong acid*
  • No conditions we need to know.
  • Nucleophilic substitution

*If HCl used then , akylammonium chloride would form, HNO3 = nitrate etc. This react is concerning how an amine can amine can accept a hydrogen ion from the salt to produce a positive alkylammonium ion. Then the +ve alkyl ammonium forms an ionic bond with the -ve chloride (if HCl used)

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8
Q

When an alkene reacts with a hydrogen halide, what is the:

  • Product
  • Conditions
  • Type of reaction
A
  • haloalkane
  • RTP
  • electrophilic addition
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9
Q

When an alkene reacts with a halogen, what is the:

  • Product
  • Conditions
  • Type of reaction
A
  • dihaloalkane
  • No conditions we need to know
  • electrophilic addition
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10
Q

When an alkene reacts with hydrogen gas, what is the:

  • Product
  • Conditions
  • Type of reaction
A
  • alkane
  • Ni catalyst, 150degrees temp and raised pressure
  • electrophilic addition/ hydrogenation*

*is it electrophilic addition

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11
Q

When an alkene reacts with steam, what is the:

  • Product
  • Conditions
  • Type of reaction
A
  • alcohol
  • phosphoric acid catalyst, 300degress, 65 atm
  • electrophilic addition/hydration

*is this electrophilic addition?

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12
Q

How is an alcohol converted into an alkene? What are the

  • Conditions
  • Type of reaction
A
  • Concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst, 170degrees

- Dehydration/ Elimination

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13
Q

When an alcohol reacts sodium halide, what are the:

  • Products
  • Conditions
  • Type of reaction
A
  • haloalkane
  • conc. H2SO4 if the sodium halide was a bromide and H3PO4 if sodium halide was an iodide
  • nucleophilic substitution
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14
Q

When an alcohol (not phenol) reacts with carboxylic acid, what is the:

  • Product
  • Conditions
  • Type of reaction
A
  • ester and water
  • conc. H2SO4 catalyst, heat (80 degrees)
  • addition-elimination reaction/esterification

*DO WE ACTUALLY NEED TO KNOW THE TEMPERATURE OF REACTIONS.

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15
Q

How else is an ester made and what are the:

  • reactants
  • products
  • conditions
  • type of reaction
  • observations
A
  • acid anhydride + alcohol (including phenol)
  • ester + carboxylic acid
  • gentle heating
  • esterification
  • no need observations
  • acyl chloride + alcohol (including phenol)
  • ester + HCl gas
  • gentle heating
  • esterification
  • misty fumes of HCL

BOTH OF THESE ARE IIREVERSIBLE UNLIKE THE OTHER ESTERIFICATION
*check if either of these are addition-elimination reactions.

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16
Q 
When a primary alcohol reacts with acidified potassium dichromate, what is the:
- Product
- Conditions
- Type of reaction
PARTIAL OXIDATION
A
  • aldehyde
  • heat with acidified potassium dichromate (K2CR2O7/H2SO4), distil immediately
  • oxidation
17
Q 
When a primary alcohol reacts with acidified potassium dichromate, what is the:
- Product
- Conditions
- Type of reaction
FULL OXIDATION
A
  • carboxylic acid
  • excess acidified potassium dichromate (K2CR2O7/H2SO4), heat under reflux
  • oxidation
18
Q

When a secondary alcohol reacts with acidified potassium dichromate, what is the:

  • Product
  • Conditions
  • Type of reaction
A
  • ketone
  • acidified potassium dichromate (K2CR2O7/H2SO4), heat under reflux
  • oxidation
19
Q

What are the two ways of ester hydrolysis?

A

acid and alkaline hydrolysis

20
Q 
When an ester reacts with water, what is the:
- Product
- Conditions
- Type of reaction
ACIDIC conditions
A
  • carboxylic acid + alcohol
  • hot dilute aqueous acid catalyst e.g. H2SO4, under reflux.
  • acid hydrolysis
21
Q 
When an ester reacts with water, what is the:
- Product
- Conditions
- Type of reaction
ALKALINE conditions
A
  • carboxylate salt + alcohol
  • hot aqueous alkali catalyst e.g. NaOH, under reflux.
  • alkaline hydrolysis
22
Q

How are acyl chlorides produces? What are the:

  • reactants
  • products
  • conditions
  • type of reaction
A
  • carboxylic acid + SOCL2/thionyl chloride
  • acyl chloride, sulfuric dioxide, HCl gas (misty white fumes)
  • no conditions we need to know
  • acylation
23
Q

When an acyl chloride reacts with water, what is the:

  • Product
  • Conditions
  • Type of reaction
  • Observation
A
  • Carboxylic acid + HCl gas
  • No conditions we need to know about
  • Nucleophilic addition-elimination reaction
  • Misty fumes of HCl seen
24
Q

When an acyl chloride reacts with NH3, what is the:

  • Product
  • Conditions
  • Type of reaction
A
  • primary amide + ammonium chloride
  • conc. NH3 solution
  • nucleophilic addition-elimination reaction
25
Q

When an acyl chloride reacts with primary amide, what is the:

  • Product
  • Conditions
  • Type of reaction
A
  • secondary amide
    + HCl gas
  • cold, conc. primary amide
  • nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions
26
Q

What are the two ways of polyester/polyamide hydrolysis?

A

acid and alkaline hydrolysis

27
Q

What is the polyester hydrolysed into in acidic conditions. State conditions and products.

A
  • Conditions: strong aqueous acid

- Products: diol + dicarboxylic acid

28
Q

What is the polyester hydrolysed into in alkaline conditions. State conditions and products.

A
  • Conditions: hot aqueous sodium hydroxide

- Products: diol + dicarboxylate salt

29
Q

What is the polyamide hydrolysed into in acidic conditions. State conditions and products.

A
  • Conditions: strong aqueous acid

- Products: diammonium salt + dicarboxylic acid

30
Q

What is the polyamide hydrolysed into in alkaline conditions. State conditions and products.

A
  • Conditions: hot aqueous sodium hydroxide

- Products: diaime + dicarboxylate salt

31
Q

How are nitrobenzenes formed?

  • Reactants
  • Products
  • Conditions
  • Type of reaction
A
  • HNO3 + benzene
  • nitrobenzene + water
  • concentrated HNO3 and concentrated H2SO4, heat under reflux at 50 degrees
  • electrophilic substitution/nitration
32
Q

How are halobenzenes formed?

  • Reactants
  • Products
  • Conditions
  • Type of reaction
A
  • Br2/Cl2 + benzene
  • Halobenzene + hydrogen halide
  • Halogen carrier like AlBr3, FeBr3, Fe/AlCl3, FeCl3, Fe
  • electrophilic substitution/halogenation
33
Q

How are alkylbenzenes formed?

  • Reactants
  • Products
  • Conditions
  • Type of reaction
A
  • Haloalkanes + benzene
  • Alkylbenzene + hydrogen halide
  • Halogen carrier, like AlCl3/AlBr3 depending on halogen
  • Excess benzene increases yield of single-subsituted benzene. Excess haloalkane = yield of multiple substitued benzene
  • electrophilic substitution
34
Q

How are acylbenzenes formed?

  • Reactants
  • Products
  • Conditions
  • Type of reaction
A
  • Benzene + acyl chloride
  • Acylbenzene + HCl
  • Anhydrous conditions, heat under reflux at 60 with AlCl3 halogen carrier.

Chemistry OCR AS Level (9 decks)

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