Organic chem Flashcards
What are carbon atoms usually bonded to
Other carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms, halogens, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur
What compounds are not organic compounds (list 3)
Carbonates (CO3), carbides (carbon + metal), oxides of carbon (CO2)
Key characteristics of organic compounds
Carbon is the skeleton, can form chains and rings
What are hydrocarbons
Organic compounds that have only carbon and hydrogen
Alkanes (saturated/not saturated + formula for atoms)
Saturated, no room for other atoms to bond to carbon chain. Formula for number of atoms: CnH2n+2
Alkane characteristics
Bonds are in a tetrahedron, H-C-H angles are 109 degrees. The structure is very flexible and atoms can rotate freely
Alkenes (saturated/not saturated + formula for atoms)
Unsaturated, double bond is a reactive site for other atoms to bond to carbon atom. Formula for atoms: CnH2n
Alkynes general formula
CnH2n-2
Other names for branches (2)
Substituent groups, alkyl groups
What are isomers
The same combination of atoms assembled in more than one way
What are structural isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formulas, but different arrangements of atoms
Alkene characteristics
Three atoms connected to each carbon lie flat, arranged in 120 degrees, very rigid
Alkyne characteristics
The two atoms attached to the central carbon lie in a straight line, arranged in 180 degrees
What are geometric isomers
Alkenes that have the same structure, but the orientation of the groups across the double bond are different
Cis isomer
Two groups are on the same side of double bond
Trans isomer
Two groups are on the opposite sides of double bond
Characteristics of cycloalkanes
If the ring structure is not the longest continuous chain, then the ring is called a cyclo- -yl
Characteristics of aromatic rings
Aromantic hydrocarbons are aka benzene (carcinogenic), has 6 atoms in a ring, has the molecular formula C6H6. When benzene is a branch it’s called a phenyl
Equivalent lewis structures
Resonance structures, which are very stable
What are functional groups
An atom/group/type of bond in organic molecules that react in a predictable manner
Alkyl Halides (branches) types (4 elements)
Fluoro, Bromo, Iodo, Chloro
Alcohols
The parent chain must contain the atom attached to the OH, the OH group is given a lower number of carbons
Aldehydes
Always at the end of chain, suffix = -al
Ketone
Common solvents in polymers and drugs, names end with -one
Carboxylic Acid
Name ends with -noic
Ester
Strong odors (perfumes and flavoring)
Amines
An organic molecule containing only single bonds and nitrogen
Amide
Plastics, rubber, cosmetics
Highest to lowest priority (5)
- Aldehyde/CA
- Functional groups (excluding alcohol and halides)
- Double/triple bonds
- Alcohol
- Halides/alkyl
Cycloalkanes general formula
CnH2n
Cycloalkenes general formula
CnH2n-2
