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gcse mock chem > organic chem > Flashcards

organic chem Flashcards

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1
Q

what is hydrocarbon

A

compound made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms

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2
Q

alkanes vs alkenes

A

alkanes have all c-c single bonds
alkenes have a double bone between two of the carbon atoms

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3
Q

alkane general formula

A

C n H 2n+2

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4
Q

what is a homologous series

A

group of organic compounds that react in a similar way to

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5
Q

why are alkanes suturated

A

each carbon atom forms 4 single covalent bonds

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6
Q

first four alkanes

A

methane
ethane
propane
butane

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7
Q

what happens if chain is longer

A

more intermolecular forces therefore:
• more viscous
• less flammable
• high boiling point

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8
Q

what are the waste products of complete compustion

A

co2 + h2o

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9
Q

complete combustion equation

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen —> co2 + h2o

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10
Q

what order do you balance complete combustion

A

c, h, o

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11
Q

what is crude oil and how do they form

A

a fossil fuel formed from the remains of dead plants & animals buried in mud
high temp and pressure turn remains to crude oil, drilld from rocks to obtain

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12
Q

are crude oils renewable

A

no

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13
Q

what is fractional distillation

A

separates all the different hydrocarbons (mostly alkanes) in crude oil

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14
Q

order of what gets condensed first in fractioning column

A

HDKPL
hellish devils kill petty liars
Heavy fuel oil
Diesel oil
Kerosene
Petrol
LPG

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15
Q

how does fractional distillation work

A

• oil is heated and vaporised
• vapour enters fractioning columm
• column has temperature gradient
• longer HC have high BP, condense at bottom
• shorter HC have low BP, condense later on at top, just below BP
• each fraction had mixture of HC with similar numbers of BP & carbon atoms

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16
Q

two uses of crude oil

A

fuel
to make new compounds for things like polymers, lubricants

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17
Q

what is cracking

A

splitting long chain hydrocarbons

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18
Q

why is cracking necessary

A

• shorter HC are flammable so are fuel
• longer HC are thick like tar, not useful
• products can be useful fuels

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19
Q

cracking method

A

• cracking is thermal decomposition so is heated and vapourised
• vapour passed over hot powdered aluminium catalyst
• catalytic cracking: LC molecules split on surface of catalyst
• steam cracking: vapourise, mix w steam, heat.

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20
Q

products of cracking
(long chain hydrocarbon —>)

A

shorter hydrocarbon + alkene

21
Q

why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes

A

their double bonds can open up and bond with other atoms

22
Q

alkene general formula

A

C n H 2n

23
Q

what else is produces when alkenes combust (other than co2 and h2o)

A

carbon and carbon monoxide
C and CO

24
Q

how does incomplete combustion burn

A

smoky yellow flame

25
Q

what is a functional group

A

group of atoms that determines what molecule is and how it reacts

26
Q

two reactions of alkene reactions basic descriptions

A

addition: double opens for a new atom
hydrogenation: hydrogen reacts and forms alkane in presence if catalyst

27
Q

how can you test for alkenes

A

add bromine
• when orange bromine water is added, bromine has addition reaction to alkene
• turns colourless

28
Q

what is the name of the product of halogen and alkene reactions

A

di(first syllable)oethane

29
Q

what happens when alkenes react with steam/water

A

alcohol is formed
e.g ethanol ch3ch2oh

30
Q

what do you name alcohols

A

(prefix)ol

31
Q

what is a polymer

A

small molecules called monomers join to form long chain molecules

32
Q

name of product when single ethenes join together

A

poly(ethene)

33
Q

to remember when drawing polymers

A

c-c bonds continue into bracket
n is put to show continuation

34
Q

carboxylic acid functional group

A

cooh

35
Q

name for products of carboxylic acids

A

(prefix)anoic acid

36
Q

equation and example of carboxylic acid
ethanoic acid + sodium carbonate

A

acid + carbonate -> salt + water + co2

ethanoic acid + sodium carbonate -> sodium ethanoate + water + co2

37
Q

ester functional group

A

coo

38
Q

what forms esters

A

alcohol + carboxylic acid

39
Q

cooh

A

o = c - oh

40
Q

example of ester equation (ethane)

A

ethanoic acid + ethanol -> ethyl ethanoate + water

41
Q

ethyl ethanoate

A

= o
c (h3) - c -o - c (h2) - c (h3)

42
Q

what is condensation polymerisation

A

polymerisation involving monomers from different functional groups

43
Q

what happens as new bonds form in condensation polymerisation

A

a small molecule (h2o) is lost

44
Q

ethan example of condensation polymerisation

A

remember + 2nH2O at end of

45
Q

what is the amino group and what functionl groups does it contain

A

amino acid group: nh2
carboxyl group: -cooh

46
Q

what are polypeptides and what happens when they are a long chain

A

polymers formed by amino acids

long chains known as proteins

47
Q

three examples of naturally occuring polymers

A

amino acids
proteins
dna molecules

48
Q

what are dna molecules made from

A

nucleotide polymers

gcse mock chem (6 decks)

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