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organic chem Flashcards

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1
Q

fWHAT IS CATENATION

A

ability of an element to form chain/rings with. atoms of the same element.

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2
Q

Alkanes PROPERTIES + PRODUCTION of 1st member
+ uses

A

CnH2n+2
-ane
properties:
1)combustion
2)subsitution
3)NON-POLAR, hydrophobic, low m.p/b.p
4) less dense than water

produced from soda lime(NaOH)+ sodium ethanoate -decarbonisation

uses: fuel for jet engines/making solvent for laundry

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3
Q

alkenes PROPERTIES + PRODUCTION+uses

A

CnH2n
-ene
-double bond
-sweet smell

chemical properties:
1)combustion
2) addition
3)polymerization

-dehydration of alcohols

uses:produce polyethene/ used to produce petrol additives

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4
Q

Alkynes PROPERTIES + PRODUCTION

A

CnH2n-2
-yne
-triple bond

chemical properties:
1)combustion
2) addition
3)polymerization

-decarboxylation of dicarboxylic acid
-Cac2+H20=Ca(OH)2+C2H2

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5
Q

alkanols/alcohols PROPERTIES + PRODUCTION

A

CnH2n+1OH
-ol
-neutral to litmus paper
-

PRODUCTION:
1)ethene+water w/tetraoxosulphate(VI) (h2so4)
2)fermentation:starch=maltose=glucose=ethanol +C02
-invertase=sucrose=glucose=ethanol

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6
Q

Alkanals/ALDEHYDES PROPERTIES + PRODUCTION

A

CnH2n+1CHO
-al

C=0 IS @ THE END

-MADE BY [ARTIAL OXIDATION OF PRIMARY ALKANOLS

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7
Q

alkanoic acid

A

CnH2n+1COOH
-oic acid

HIGH B.P
turns blue litmus paper red
sour taste
colourless, pugent smell

1)neutralisation
2)decarboxylation( product is CH4 + CO2)

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8
Q

ESTERS/alkanoate

A

-oate

MADE BY ESTERIFICATION:alkanoic acid+alcohol

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9
Q

AMINES

A

R-NH2
from alkyl halides+nh3/ from reduction of nitriles
-only the first 2 are gases; others are liquid
-strong odour of dead fish

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10
Q

ALKANONES/KETONES

A

R2CO/R-CO-R
C=0 IS IN THE MIDDLE

-MADE BY OXIDATION OF SEC ALKANOLS

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11
Q

aliphatic hydrocarbons

A

-hydrocarbons contain straight/branched/cyclic chains

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12
Q

aromatic hydrocarbons(arenes)

A

-contain the benzene(C6H6) ring
-have very sweet smell
-composed of carbon+hydrogen atoms in ring structures with delocalised pi electrons
-burn with a sooty flame
-doesn’t decolourize bromine water

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13
Q

saturated hydrocarbons

A

-single bonds/alkanes

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14
Q

unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

-multiple bonds
-alkenes/alkynes

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15
Q

complete hydrogenation of ethyne yields?

A

ethane

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16
Q

alkyl group

A

CnH2n+1
alkyl=alkane-H

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17
Q

how is benzene produced
characteristics of benzene

A

ethyne passed through a hot red tube w/ Ni

-sweet smell
-colourless liquids
-sp hybridised
-immiscible in water + soluble in organic solvents

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18
Q

aniline structure+ uses

A

C6H5-NH2
-Dyes
-drugs/resin/varnishes/perfumes/vulcanising rubber

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19
Q

benzoic structure+ uses

A

C6H5-COOH
-Food preservative, curing of tobacco

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20
Q

bromobenzene structure+ uses

A

C6H5-Br
-starting material for synthesis of many other aromatic compounds
-motor oil additive

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21
Q

nitrobenzene structure+ uses

A

C6H5-NO2
-starting material for synthesis of aniline
-solvent for cellulose nitrate-in soaps+shoe polish

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22
Q

phenol

A

C6H5-OH
-Disinfectant

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23
Q

toluene

A

C6H5-CH3
-Solvent

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24
Q

uses of benzene

A

-manufacture of styrene
-synthesis of industrial chemicals
-production of phenol. +acetone
-use in gasoline
-solvent
-nylon production
-pharmaceuticals
dyes
paints

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25
Q

functional group isomerism

A

1)ethers+alkanols w/ same carbon numbr
2)aldehydes+esters
3)alkanoic acids + esters

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26
Q

addition polymerisation

A

2 or more molecules of same monomer
doesn’t eliminate water or any other small molecule

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27
Q

condensation polymerisation

A
  1. or more diff monomers
    eliminates water or any other small molecule
28
Q

natural polymers

A

rubber
carbohydrates
proteins
fats+oils

29
Q

synthetic polymers

A

plastics
can be thermoplastics:polyethene-can be soften repeatedly by heat and remolded

thermostats:bakelite/Urea-methanal: can’t be soften/ remolded

30
Q

what are rubbers monomer units + uses

A

2-methylbut-1,3-diene(isoprene)

-making tires, sandals

31
Q

what are carbohydrates monomer units + uses

A

-glucosee

-energy store in living

32
Q

what are polyethene monomer units + uses

A

-ethene

-plastic bags, crates, plastic bottles, dustbins

33
Q

what are PVC monomer units + uses

A

-Chloroethane

-plastic pipes, cables, artificial leather

34
Q

what are Poystyrene monomer units + uses

A

-phenylethene(styrene)

-ceiling tiles, see through containers, disposables

35
Q

what are perspex(PMMA) monomer units + uses

A

2-methyl propanoate

-plastic glass

36
Q

what are synthetic rubber monomer units + uses

A

2-chlorobut-1,3-diene( Neoprene)

making footwears + vehicle tires

37
Q

uses of nylon + monomers

A

diamine+dioic acid

-fishing net, drip drop clothing

38
Q

uses of terylene + monomers

A

diacarboxylic acids+diol

-sail of boats+synthetic textiles

39
Q

uses of bakelite + monomers

A

-phenol+methanol

-plugs, utensil handles, telephoe casing +kitchen wears

40
Q

monohydric

A

when alkanol has one hydroxyl group(OH)

41
Q

relationship btw alkanols/alkanals/alkanoic acid/alkanones

A

partial oxidation of primary alkanols=alkanals
complete oxidation of primary alkanols= alkanoic acid
secondary alkanols oxidised= alkanones

42
Q

uses of alkanols

A

-fuel in racing cars/rockets
-as antifreeze
-solvent for drugs,tincture,cosmetics+perfumes

43
Q

the alkanol obtained from the production of soap is

-ethanol
-glycerol
-methanol
-glycol

A

-glycerol

44
Q

when ethanol is heated with excess conc sulphuric acid the ethanol is?
@ temp above 170 degrees

A

-dehydrated to ethene

45
Q

lucas(conc HCL+ anhydrous zinc chloride) reagent is used to test for….

A

alkanols

tertiary alkanols react rapidly, forming alkyl chlorides

sec alkanols react @ moderate rate,
primary alkanols react slowly

46
Q

what colour does the oxidising agents: Cr207/Mn04 turn

A

Cr207: Orange-green
Mn04:purple-colourless

47
Q

what happens when alkanals are oxidised ?

A

they form carboxylic acids

48
Q

what is the test for alkanals/aldehydes

A

they change colour of fehlings solution from blue to brick red -aldehydes

deposit of silver with tollen’s reagent-aldehydes

Acidified potassium dichromate-Colour change from orange to green-aldehyde

49
Q

how is ethyne stored

A

by dissolving it in propanone

50
Q

USES OF ETHANOIC ACID

A

-Preserving + flavoring food
-dyes, plastic bottles, fatty acids, soaps, rubber, textile, nylon

51
Q

what is the name of this compound: HCOOH

A

-FORMIC/ METHANOIC ACID

52
Q

what is the name of this compound: CH3COOH

A

ACETIC/ETHANOIC ACID

53
Q

fats + oils preparation

A

propan-1,2,3-triol+ fatty acids= fats+ oils + water

54
Q

difference btw fats and oils

A

fats: solid@ room temp
mainly of animal origin

oils: liquid @ room temp
mainly of plant
contain mainly unsaturated fatty acids

55
Q

how is margarine produced

A

hydrogenation

56
Q

saponification

A

alkaline hydrolysis of fats+ oils to give soap + prop-1,2,3-triol

fats and oils + caustic alkali(NaOH/KOH)= soap + prop-1,2,3-triol(glycerol)

57
Q

similarities btw saops+detergents

A

-have similar structure
-both reduce the tension btw oil ad water by forming micelles

58
Q

difference btw soaps+ detergents

A

-hydrophillic heads vary btw soaps+ the 3 types of detergent; soaps have lipophilic end + hydrophilic. detergents have hydrophobic tail+hydrophollic head

-detergents are synthetic; soaps are produced from biomass such as vegetable oils and animal fats.

-soaps form scum with cold water due to reaction with calcium/magnesium ions in hard water; detergents doesn’t react

soap forms lather; detergents less likely

-soaps are less soluble in hard water

59
Q

what is the role of NaCl in soap prep

A

it separates the soap from the glycerol

60
Q

advantages of soap

A

-more biodegradable + environmentally friendly
-less harsh on the skin
-in soft water soaps are highly effective in cleaning + lathering
-produced in diff forms: bar/liquid/powders

61
Q

advantages of detergents

A

-dont form scum w/ hard water
-more potent in removing dirt,oils,stains
-can be used to wash acid-sensitive clothes
-more resistant to acidic conditions

62
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple sugars
e.g glucose/fructose
-can’t be broken down

63
Q

disaccharides

A

-sucrose(table sugar), maltose(malt sugar), lactose(milk sugar)
- cant be split into monosaccharides through acid hydrolysis

64
Q

what happens when sucrose/starch is hydrolyzed?

A

-breaks down into glucose+fructose

-breaks down into maltose+ glucose

65
Q

tests for starch+sugars

A

iodine test -turns a deep blue-black in presence of starch

benedict’s test-blue to brick red upon heating in presence of reducing sugars

66
Q

polysaccharides

A

a commplex carbohydrate made up of many sugar units
-starch

chem jamb (3 decks)

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