Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Y4 Chem > Organic chem > Flashcards

Organic chem Flashcards

1
Q

What is petroleum made of

A

Mixture of hydrocarbons, mainly alkanes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does fractional distillation work

A

Low bp at top, High bp at bottom
Real Ppl Never Kill Dear by Large (Firing) Bullets

Refinery gas, Petrol, Naphtha, Kerosine, Diesel, Lubricating Oil, Fuel Oil, Bitumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Properties of Carbon

A
  1. Tetravalent
  2. Can bond to each other to form long chain like structures
  3. C-C bonds are very strong, leading to greater stability for compounds that contain it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Number of carbon atoms

A

Mostly everyone passes but people have help on days

Meth
Eth
Prop
But
Pent
Hex
Hept
Oct
Non
Dec

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Prefixes

A

Methyl
Ethyl
Propyl
Butyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Functional group of carboxyl acids are always where?

A

On first carbon atom (so no need to state in naming)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are isomers

A

2 or more compounds with the same molecular formula but exist in different forms due to a difference in arrangement of the atoms in the molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Types of isomers

A

Structural, Positional, Functional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When naming halogenoalkanes with substituents, write the halogen first

A

eg. 1-bromo 2-methylbutane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How to name the halogens

A

Bromo Fluoro Chloro

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Types of organic reactions

A
  1. Addition
    - 2 reactants become 1 product
  2. Elimination
    - 1 reactant + base –> 2 products
    - number of products > number of reactants
    (eg. 1-bromobutane take out the bromine and replace with H)
  3. Substitution
    - 2 reactants exchange parts to form two new products
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Complete vs Incomplete combustion

A

Complete will produce CO2 but incomplete (limiting reactant is O2) produces CO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Saturated vs unsaturated

A

Saturated is C-C bonds
Unsaturated is C=C double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Alkanes general formula

A

Cn H2n+2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Solubility of alkanes

A

Insoluble in water, Soluble in organic solvents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How many alkanes are gases

A

First 4
First few alkenes also gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Alkanes boiling/melting point trend

A

Alkanes are simple covalent molecules held tgt by weak intermolecular forces
As number of carbon atoms increase, molecular size increases and electron cloud size increase
A greater amount of energy is needed to overcome the strong intermolecular forces of attraction
Hence increasing bp/mp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Branched-chain alkanes vs Straight-chain alkanes

A

Branched-chain alkanes are more spherical in shape and have less surface area of contact with neighbouring molecules, leading to weaker intermolecular forces
Less energy is required to overcome these forces, hence mp/bp lower than straight-chain alkanes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Alkanes viscosity

A

Increases as carbon increases
Greater molecular size, flows less easily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Flammability of alkanes

A

As molecular size increases, bp increases so flammability decreases
As carbon atoms increase, percentage of carbon in alkanes increase, produce smokier and sootier flames due to incomplete combustion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Density of alkanes

A

Increases as carbon atoms increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Chemical property of alkanes

A

Generally unreactive because the C-C and C-H bonds are strong and hard to break

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Combustion of alkanes

A

HIGHLY EXOTHERMIC MAKING THEM GOOD FUELS

Forms CO2 and H2O (gas)

Incomplete combustion will form CO and carbon as soot + H2O (gas)

eq. CxHy + (x + y/4)O2 —> xCO2 + (y/2)H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cracking of alkanes (product + conditions)

A

Produces alkenes (ALWAYS)

Conditions:
600˚C + SiO2 or Al2O3 catalyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Substitution of alkanes (products + conditions)
Produces halogenoalkanes Conditions: UV light and halogen Can become multi substituted when there is excess halogen and limited alkane
26
How to get alkanes
From petroleum or crude oil used as a fuel for heating etc.
27
Alkenes general formula
Cn H2n
28
Alkenes mp/bp trends
Same as alkanes Alkanes are simple covalent molecules held tgt by weak intermolecular forces As number of carbon atoms increase, molecular size increases and electron cloud size increase A greater amount of energy is needed to overcome the strong intermolecular forces of attraction Hence increasing bp/mp Branched-chain alkanes are more spherical in shape and have less surface area of contact with neighbouring molecules, leading to weaker intermolecular forces Less energy is required to overcome these forces, hence mp/bp lower than straight-chain alkanes
29
Combustion equation for all (it hink)
CxHy + (x+y/4) O2 --> xCO2 + (y/2)H2O
30
Alkenes vs alkanes flame/soot
Alkenes are sootier because higher % of carbon (double bonds means less hydrogen so % is higher)
31
Alkane reactions
Combustion Cracking Substitution
32
Alkene reactions
Combustion Addition reactions 1. Hydrogenation 2. Bromination 3. Hydration 4. Addition polymerisation
33
Explain the vegetable oil and margarine thing
Hydrogenation of vegetable oil increases its mp/bp so its still kind of solid at room temp (margarine) Vegetable oil is the alkene and margarine is the alkane
34
Bromination of alkenes
Add halogen to the original C=C double bond At room temp and pressure Need liquid bromine or bromine in tetrachloromethan (CCl4) Alkene will decolourise the reddish brown bromine in CCl4 rapidly
35
Hydration of alkene (product + conditions)
Addition of steam Produces alcohol Phosphoric (V) acid catalyst, 300˚C and 60 atm
36
Alkanes vs Alkenes (reactivity, bromination, polymerisation, flame, sub/add reactions)
Alkanes - generally unreactive - does not react with bromine under normal conditions (need UVlight) - does not have addition polymerisation - less sooty flame - substitution reactions Alkenes - very reactive - bromination occurs (rapidly decolourises reddish brown bromine) - addition polymerisation - sootier flame - addition reactions
37
Test for alkene vs alkane
Add a few drops of liquid bromine at room temperature in the absence of UV light Alkene will rapidly decolourise the reddish-brown liquid bromine For gases, can bubble it into liquid bromine
38
Hydrogenation of alkenes (products and conditions)
Produces alkanes Add hydrogen gas 200˚C and nickel catalyst
39
Alcohols formula
Cn H2n+1 OH OH does not dissociate in water because it is covalently bonded to the C atom
40
Alcohol vs alkane combustion
Alcohols produce less energy per unit mass (less efficient) (less exo than w alkanes)
41
Alcohol oxidation
Forms carboxylic acid Need acidified potassium manganate VII (as oxidising agent) and heat under reflux Add oxygen and remove 2 hydrogen since its oxidation, KMnO4 will go from purple to colourless
42
Alcohols state
Liquids at room temp
43
Alcohols solubility
Soluble in water Decreases down the homologous series Hydroxyl group can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules
44
Alcohols bp + comparison to alkanes alkenes
Increases as carbon increases as molecular size increases, strength of intermolecular forces increase too Have both van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds which is stronger than just van der Waals forces in alkanes/alkenes hence higher bp/mp
45
How to produce ethanol
Hydration of ethene or Fermentation of glucose w yeast (produces ethanol and co2) - C6H12O6 --> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 - the absence of O2 (if not will become ethanoic acid and water)
46
Carboxylic acid formula
Cn H2n+1 COOH
47
Carboxylic acid solubility +compare w alcohols
Very soluble as OH can form hydrogen bonds w water More soluble than alcohols because COOH is more polar than OH and can form stronger hydrogen bonds
48
Carboxylic acid mp/bp + compare w alcohol
Same explanation as alcohol carboxylic acid has stronger hydrogen bonds between molecules than alcohol (hence greater bp/mp than alcohol)
49
Electrical conductivity of carboxylic acids
can dissolve in water to produce mobile ions
50
Carboxylic acids reaction w metals, bases, carbonates
same as acid-base etc reactions
51
Solubility of esters
Insoluble
52
What are esters used for
Sweet smelling colourless liquids used for perfumes, food flavourings, solvents
53
How to form esters
Reaction between alcohol and carboxylic acid to form ester + water strong heat and strong concentrated base
54
Roles of conc sulfuric acid in forming esters
Acts as a catalyst that speeds up the reaction It is a drying agent and removes H2O as it is formed, causing the equilibrium (drive equil position to the right) to favour the forward reaction to increase yield
55
what is a polymer
a long chain macromolecule that is bonded tgt by many small repeat units
56
Types of polymers
Addition (alkenes) - eg. Poly(ethene) Condensation - polyamides - polyesters
57
Addition polymerisation definition + conditions
successive linking tgt of unsaturated monomers without losing any molecules or atoms to form an addition polymer High temp, high pressure, catalyst (to break C=C double bond)
58
Repeat units have how many inside
ONLY 2
59
Monomers of polyamides + linkage name
Dicarboxylic acid + diamine (NHH one) forms amide linkage eg. nylon
60
Uses of polyamides and polyesters
polyamides: fabrics and garments polyesters: make audio and video tapes and soft plastic bottles + fabrics
61
Monomers of polyesters
Dicarboxylic acid + diol (alcohol) forms ester linkage eg. Terylene

Y4 Chem (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions