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Lord give me strength > Organic Chem > Flashcards

Organic Chem Flashcards

1
Q

Alkane => Halogenoalkane

A

Free-Radical Substitution
UV light / heat, limited halogen

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2
Q

Alkene => Alcohol

Industrial:
H2O (g), conc. H3PO4 catalyst, heat, high pressure

A

Electrophilic Addition
(i) cold conc. H2SO4
(ii) H2O, warm

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3
Q

Alkene => Halogenoalkane

A

Electrophilic Addition
HX (g)

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4
Q

Alkene => Dihalogenoalkane

A

Electrophilic Addition
X2, CCl4

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5
Q

Alkene => CHBrCH2OH (major) + CHBrCHBr (minor)

A

Electrophilic Addition
Br2 (aq) / Br2 + H2O

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6
Q

Alkene => -diol

A

Mild oxidation
Cold KMnO4, NaOH (aq)

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7
Q

Alkene => Ketone / Carboxylic Acid / CO2 +H2O

A

Oxidative cleavage / Vigorous oxidation
Hot KMnO4, H2SO4 (aq)

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8
Q

Alkene => Alkane

A

Reduction
H2, Pt catalyst /
H2, Ni catalyst, heat

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9
Q

Alcohol => Alkene

A

Elimination (of H2O)
Excess conc. H2SO4, heat

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10
Q

Halogenoalkane => Alkene

A

Elimination (of HX)
Ethanolic NaOH / KOH, heat

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11
Q

Benzene => Halogenobenzene + HX

A

Electrophilic Substitution (Halogenation)
X2, anhydrous FeX3 catalyst

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12
Q

Benzene => Alkylbenzene +HX

A

Electrophilic Substitution (Alkylation)
RX, anhydrous FeX3 catalyst

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13
Q

Benzene => Nitrobenzene + H2O

A

Electrophilic Substitution (Nitration)
Conc. HNO3, conc. H2SO4, heat

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14
Q

Benzene => Carbonylbenzene

A

Electrophilic Substitution (Acylation)
RCOCl, AlCl3

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15
Q

Methylbenzene => 1-methyl-2-nitrobenzene + 1-mehtyl-4-nitrobenzene

A

Electrophilic Substitution (Nitration)
Conc. HNO3, conc. H2SO4

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16
Q

Methylbenzene => 1-methyl-2-halogenobenzene + 1-methyl-4-halogenobenzene

A

Electrophilic Substitution (Halogenation)
X2, anhydrous FeX3 catalyst

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17
Q

Methylbenzene => Halogenoalkylbenzene + HCl

A

Free-Radical Substitution
X2 (g), UV light / heat

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18
Q

Methylbenzene => Benzoic Acid + H2O

A

Oxidation in Acidic medium
KMnO4, H2SO4 (aq), heat

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19
Q

Methylbenzene + OH- => Carboxylate Salt C6H6COO- + 2H2O

C6H6COO- => C6H6COOH

A

Oxidation in Alkaline medium
KMnO4, NaOH (aq), heat

H2SO4 (aq) / HCl (aq)

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20
Q

Ethylbenzene + 6[O] => ?

A

C6H6COOH + 2H2O + CO2

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21
Q

Halogenoalkane => Alkene + HX

A

Elimination
Ethanolic NaOH / KOH, heat

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22
Q

Halogenoalkane => Alcohol

A

Nucleophilic Substitution
NaOH (aq) / KOH, heat

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23
Q

Halogenoalkane => Amine + HX

A

Nucleophilic Substitution
Excess NH3 in ethanol, heat in sealed tube

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24
Q

Halogenoalkane => Nitrile

A

Nucleophilic Substitution
Ethanolic NaCN / KCN, heat

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25
Q

Nitrile => Amine

A

Reduction
LiAlH4, dry ether /
H2, Pt catalyst

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26
Q

Nitrile => Carboxylate Salt

A

Alkaline Hydrolysis
NaOH (aq), heat

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27
Q

Nitrile => Carboxylic Acid

A

Acidic Hydrolysis
H2SO4 (aq), heat

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28
Q

RCOO- => RCOOH

A

H2SO4 / HCl

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29
Q

Alcohol => R-Cl + POCl3 + HCl (g)
Alcohol => R-Cl + SO2 (g) + HCl (g)

A

Nucleophilic Substitution
Anhydrous PCl5 (white fumes)
Anhydrous SOCl2 (white fumes)

30
Q

Alcohol => R-X + H2O

A

Nucleophilic Substitution
HX (g)

31
Q

Alcohol => Alkoxide ion RO-Na+ + H2

A

Redox Reaction <test>
Na (s)</test>

32
Q

Alcohol => Ester ROCOR’ + HCl

A

Condensation
R’COCl, room temperature (favourable)

(Reversible rxn, H2O product)
RCOOH, excess conc. H2SO4, heat

33
Q

Ester => Alcohol

A

Hydrolysis
H2SO4 (aq), heat /
NaOH (aq), heat

34
Q

1’ Alcohol RCH2OH => Aldehyde

A

Oxidation
K2Cr2O7, H2SO4 (aq), heat with distillation

35
Q

Aldehyde => 1’ Alcohol RCH2OH

A

Reduction
LiAlH4 in dry ether /
NaBH4 in ethanol /
H2, Pt catalyst

36
Q

Alcohol => R-X + H3PO3

A

Anhydrous PX3, room temperature

37
Q

2’ Alcohol RR’CHOH => Ketone

A

Oxidation
K2Cr2O7 (or KMnO4), H2SO4 (aq), heat

38
Q

Ketone => 2’ Alcohol RR’CHOH

A

Reduction
LiAlH4 in dry ether /
NaBH4 in ethanol /
H2, Pt catalyst

39
Q

Aldehyde => RCOOH

A

Oxidation
K2Cr2O7, H2SO4 (aq), heat under reflux /
KMnO4, H2SO4 (aq), heat

40
Q

Alcohol => RCOOH

A

Oxidation
K2Cr2O7, H2SO4 (aq), heat under reflux /
KMnO4, H2SO4 (aq), heat

41
Q

RCOOH => Alcohol

A

Reduction
LiAlH4 in dry ether

42
Q

Tri-iodomethane test (alcohol)

A

Redox
RCH(CH3)OH + I2 + NaOH (aq), warm => RC(CH3)O => + I2, NaOH(aq), warm => Carboxylate salt + CHI3 (yellow ppt)

RCH(CH3)OH + 4I2 + 6NaOH (aq) => CHI3 (yellow ppt) + 5I- + 5H2O + carboxylate salt

43
Q

Phenol => 2,4,6-tribromophenol + 3HBr

A

Electrophilic Substitution (Bromination)
Br2 (aq)
Orange Br (aq) decolourised
White ppt formed

44
Q

Phenol => 2-bromophenol + 4-bromophenol + HBr

A

Electrophilic Substitution (Bromination)
Br2 in CCl4
Orange-red Br2 decolourised

45
Q

Phenol => 2-nitrophenol + 4-nitrophenol + H2O

A

Electrophilic Substitution (Nitration)
Dilute HNO3
Yellow ppt (both)

46
Q

Phenol => 2,4,6-nitrophenol +3H2O

A

Electrophilic Substitution (Nitration)
Conc. HNO3
Yellow ppt

47
Q

Phenol => Sodium Phenoxide + H2O

A

Neutralisation
NaOH (aq)

48
Q

Phenol => Sodium Phenoxide + 1/2H2

A

Redox (test)
Na (s)

49
Q

Phenol => Phenyl ester + Cl-

A

Condensation
(i) NaOH (aq) => Phenoxide + H2O
(ii) RCOCl

50
Q

Sodium Phenoxide => Phenyl ester

A

Condensation
RCOCl

51
Q

Phenol => Violet complex

A

Complex formation <test>
Neutral FeCl3 (aq)</test>

52
Q

Test for all aldehydes

A

Oxidation
Tollen’s reagent, heat
Grey ppt of Ag (s) / “silver mirror”

53
Q

Test for aldehydes except benzaldehydes

A

Oxidation
Fehling’s solution, heat
Brick-red ppt of Cu2O

54
Q

Carbonyl compound => Orange ppt

A

Condensation
2,4-DNPH
Orange ppt

55
Q

Carbonyl compound => RCCN(R’)OH

A

Nucleophilic Addition
HCN, trace amt. of NaCN (or NaOH)

56
Q

Nitrile group => COO-Na+

A

Alkaline Hydrolysis
NaOH (aq), heat

57
Q

Nitrile group => COOH

A

Acidic Hydrolysis
H2SO4 (aq), heat

58
Q

Nitrile group => CH2NH2 Amine group

A

Reduction
LiAlH4 in dry ether /
H2, pt catalyst

59
Q

RCOOH => RCOO-Na+

A

NaOH (aq)

60
Q

Tri-iodomethane test (carbonyl)

A

Redox
RC(CH3)O + 3I2 + 4OH- => Carboxylate salt + CHI3 (yellow ppt) + 3I- + 3H2O

61
Q

RCOOH => Carboxylate salt

A

Redox
Na (s) – produces H2

Neutralisation
NaOH (aq) – produces salt & H2O /
NaHCO3 / Na2CO3 – produces CO2 & H2O

62
Q

RCOOH => RCOCl

A

Substitution
PCl5 / PCl3 / SOCl2

63
Q

RCOCl => RCOOH

A

Hydrolysis
H2O
Dense white fume HCl liberated

64
Q

RCOCl => Carboxylate salt

A

Hydrolysis
NaOH (aq)

65
Q

RCOCl => RCONHR’ Amide

A

Condensation
NH3 – R’=H
R’NH2 – R’=alkyl/aryl

66
Q

RCOCl => ROCOR’

A

Condensation
R’OH

67
Q

RCOCl => ROCOC6H6

A

Condensation
Phenol, NaOH

68
Q

Ester => Carboxylate salt

A

Alkaline hydrolysis
NaOH (aq), heat

69
Q

RCOOH => ROCOR’

A

Condensation
Conc. H2SO4 (aq), R’OH, heat

70
Q

ROCOR’ => RCOOH

A

Acid hydrolysis
Dilute H2SO4 (aq), heat

71
Q

RCONHR’ => RCOOH

A

Acid hydrolysis
Dilute H2SO4 (aq), heat

Lord give me strength (3 decks)

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