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Organic Chem Flashcards

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1
Q

Prefixes

A 
Met- : 1
Eth- : 2
Prop-: 3
But-: 4
(optional)
Pent-: 5
Hex-: 6
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2
Q

What are Hydrocarbons?

A

Organic compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon are called hydrocarbon

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3
Q

Alkane general properties

A

Saturated hydrocarbons
single covalent bond between carbon atoms

general formula: Cn H2n+2

Structural formula:

CH3, CH2 … CH2, CH3

Differs from next member by CH2(Mr:14)

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4
Q

Isomers

A

Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula are called isomers.

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5
Q

Alkane/Alkene Physical properties

A

Melting and boiling points ↑ as no. carbon atoms ↑ , molecular size ↑, stronger intermolecular forces of attraction

Viscosity ↑ as no. carbon atoms ↑, length of carbon chains ↑, ↑molecular size, ↑ intermolecular forces of attraction, thus ↑ difficulty of liquid to flow

Flammability ↓ as no. carbon atoms ↑, ↑ in percentage of carbon atoms present, thus making it harder to burn due to ↑amount of oxygern required, ↑ chance of incomplete combustion, producing smokey flame w soot

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6
Q

Alkane Chemical properties: Combustion (common reaction)

A

alkane + excess oxygen → CO2(g) + H2O(g)
eg: CH4 + 2(O2) → CO2(g) + 2(H2O) (g)
Incomplete combustion:
eg: 2CH4 + 2(O2) → 2CO(g) + 4H2O(g)

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7
Q

Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil

A

Order:
fraction - uses - boiling range
Petrolium - fuel for cooking and heating- ↓40
Petrol - fuel for cars - 40-75
Naphtha - making chemicals(plastic detergents)-90-150
Kerosene - Fuel for aircrafts, cooking&heating - 150-240
Diesel - fuel for diesel engines - 220-250
Lubricating oil- lubricating machines, wax -300-350
Bitumen - making roads, roofing - 350↑

Pretty Princesses Never Kiss Dirty Little Boys

as ↓, no of carbon ↑
as ↓, no boiling point ↓

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8
Q

Properties of isomers

A

Lower melting point and boiling point → due to smaller surface area → weaker intermolecular forces of attraction → less intermolecular forces of attraction

weaker intermolecular forces of attraction thus less energy required to overcome it

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9
Q

Alkene General properties

A

Unsaturated hydrocabons
contains carbon double bonds

CnHn where n>2

differs from next member by CH2 (Mr:14)

CH2, CH, CH2……CH2, CH3

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10
Q

Alkene Chemical properties: Combustion (common reaction)

A

alkene + excess oxygen → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
eg: C2H4 + 3(O2) → 2CO2(g) + 2(H2O) (g)
Incomplete combustion:
eg: C2H4 +2 (O2) → 2CO(g) + 2H2O(g)

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11
Q

Alkane chemical properties: Substitution reaction (signature reaction)

A

requires Uv light as catalyst
alkene + chlorine/bromine → chloro/bromo(alkane) + hydrochloric acid
eg: CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCL
CH3Cl + CLS → CH2CL2 + HCL

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12
Q

Alkane chemical properties: Substitution reaction (signature reaction)

A

requires Uv light as catalyst
alkene + chlorine/bromine → chloro/bromo(alkane) + hydrochloric acid
eg: CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCL
CH3Cl + CLS → CH2CL2 + HCL

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13
Q

Alkane chemical properties: Cracking ( crossover reacction )

A 
Requires Aluminiun oxide/Silicon dioxide as catalyst, temperature of 600°C
alkane → alkenes + hydrogen gas
alkane → alkenes + alkenas
eg: C2H6 → C2H4 + H2
      C3H8 → CH4 + C2H4
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14
Q

Alkene Chemical properties: Hydrogenation

A

Requires 200 °C + nickel catalyst
Alkene + hydrogen → Alkane
eg: C2H + H2 → C2h44
used to turn unsaturated vegtable oils to margerrine

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15
Q

Alkene Chemical properties: Bromination (signature reaction)

A

from reddish brown(concentrated)/yellow(diluted) → colourless
alkene + bromine → Bromoethene
eg: C2H4 + Br2 → C2H4Br2

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16
Q

Alkene Chemical properties: Hydration (crossover)

A

300°C + 60atm (pressure) + phosphoric acid catalyst
alkene + steam → alcohol
eg:C2H2 + H2O → C2H3OH

17
Q

Alkene chemical properties :Polymerisation

A

requires high pressure (1000atm) + 200°C + titanium(III) chloride/ Chromium (VI) oxide

Alkene + alkene → poly ethene
eg: C2H4 + C2H4 → C4H8

used to make plastics: polyethene

18
Q

Alkene chemical properties: Addition reaction (signature reaction):

A

CH2CH2 + XY → CH2XCH2Y

19
Q

Alcohol general properties

A

Not a hydrocarbon

General formula: CnH2n+1OH

differs from previous member by CH2(Mr:14)

CH3,CH2,CH2….OH

20
Q

Alcohol Physical properties

A

soluble in water: Solubility ↓ as carbon ↑: meth,eth,prop can dissolve readily

Melting and boiling point ↑ as molecular size ↑ as molecular forces of attraction ↑ ( but have a lower boiling and melting point)

Flammability ↓ as the molecular size increases due to ↑ % of carbon

21
Q

Alcohol Chemical Properties: Combustion (common reaction)

A

Complete combustion:
Alcohol + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water
eg: C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O

Incomplete combustion:
Alcohol + oxygen → carbon monoxide + water

22
Q

Alcohol Chemical properties: Oxidation ( signature reaction)/(crossover reaction)

A

Alcohol + oxygen from KMnO4 → Carboxylic acid + water
(oxygen from air too but it takes significantly longer)
eg: C2H5OH(aq) + 2[O] → CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l)

23
Q

Alcohol Chemical properties: Fermentation (manufacturing)

A

Conditions required: an anaerobic ( without oxygen), yeast and temp of 37°C ( inactive <18 and denatured>40 )

takes a few days

Glucose solution →(yeast)→ Ethanol + Carbon dioxide
C6H12O6(aq) →(yeast)→ 2C2H5OH(aq) + 2CO2(g)

Reaction:
The yeast is a MICROORGANISM that contains ENZYMES which break down GLUCOSE to form ETHANOL and CARBON DIOXIDE. The alcohol produced is only 20% as yeast is denatured when alcohol is too concentrated. Test for CO2 using LIMEWATER

24
Q

Uses of Alcohol (ethanol)

A

Alcohol is used to make alcoholic drinks

it is a good solvent for organic compounds+ dissolves solutes that cant be dissolved in water

Used as a solvent for paints, varnishes, deodorants, perfumes, colognes and after-shaves lotions

Volatile (evaporates quickly)

used as fuel and(methylated spirit)→spirit lamps and cookers

make vineger

25
Q

Carboxylic Acid General properties

A

General formula: CnH2n+1COOH

Differs from previous member by CH2

Structural formula: CH3,CH2,CH2…COOH

26
Q

Carboxylic Acid Physical properties

A

Colourless liquid at room temperature

Very soluble in water

Weak acid due to presence of low concentration H+ ions in aqueous solutions

Boiling and melting point ↑ down the homologues series due to ↑ in molecular size thus ↑ molecular forces of attraction

27
Q

Carboxylic Acid Chemical properties: ionisation

A

In water

CH3COOH ⇌ CH3COO- + H+

28
Q

Carboxylic Acid Chemical properties: Reaction w metal

A

Ethanoic acid + metal → Salt + Hydrogen

2CH3COOH(aq) + Mg(s) → (CH3COO)2Mg(aq) + H2(g)

29
Q

Carboxylic Acid Chemical properties: reaction w carbonates

A

Carboxylic Acid + Carbonate → salts + carbon dioxide + water

2CH3COOH(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → 2CH3COONa(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

30
Q

Carboxylic Acid Chemical properties: Reaction w bases

A

Carboxylic Acid + Bases → Salt + Water

CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) → CH3COOHNa(aq) + H2O(l)

31
Q

Esters general properties

A

Identified by (COO)

structural formula

CH3,CH2,CH2…COO…CH2,CH3

32
Q

Esters: formation

A

Requires Concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst and warmth

Alcohol + Carboxylic Acid → Ester + water
methanol + methanoic acid → Methyl methanoate + water
CH3OH + HCOOH → CH3COOCH + H2O

33
Q

Esters uses

A

Esters have a Sweet smell

Found naturally in vegetable oil, animal fats, flowers and fruits

Used for preparation of perfumes and artificial flavorings
hydrolysed with sodium hydroxide to form soap

Chemistry (7 decks)

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