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CHM1052 > Organic Chem > Flashcards

Organic Chem Flashcards

1
Q

organic chem

A

chemistry of carbon and carbon compounds (H, O, N)

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2
Q

hydrocarbons

A

simplest organic molecule made of only C and H

- many forms come from crude oil

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3
Q

saturated

A

hybridised sp3 carbons from 4 sigma bonds

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4
Q

unsaturated

A

sp or sp2 carbons can form double or triple bonds

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5
Q

unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

alkenes, alkynes, arenes

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6
Q

saturated hydrocarbons

A

alkanes

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7
Q

alkenes

A

double bond, 2 sp2 carbons (1 pi and 1 sigma)

- 120 degrees between groups

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8
Q

alkynes

A

triple bond, 2 sp carbons (linear)

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9
Q

arenes

A

one or more benzene rings

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10
Q

saturated

A

only single CC bonds

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11
Q

C-C

A

sigma bond

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12
Q

alcohol

A

OH

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13
Q

ether

A

O-R

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14
Q

amine

A

NH2

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15
Q

alkyl halide

A

X = F, Cl etc.

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16
Q

aldehyde

A

COH

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17
Q

ketone

A

COR

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18
Q

carboxylic acid

A

COOH

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19
Q

ester

A

COO

20
Q

amide

A

ONHR

21
Q

naming alkanes

A

meth - ane

number of carbons, its an alkane

22
Q

properties of alkanes

A

melting points, boiling points and density increase with increasing length of chain - intermolecular forces !

23
Q

naming cyclic structures

A

cyclopro- cyclic, number of carbons

24
Q

isomers

A

having identical molecular formula but different structure

- cannot convert into another without breaking bonds

25
Q

constitutional isomers

A

have different order of attachment of atoms

26
Q

conformers

A

not isomers, bonds are rotated into different structures

27
Q

naming constitutional isomers

A
  1. identify longest chain
  2. count so that the branch has the lowest number
  3. name the branches

2,2 dimetylbutane

28
Q

alkene formula

A

CnH2n

29
Q

alkyne formula

A

CnH2n-2

30
Q

alkene isomers

A

diastereoisomers- same connectivity but different positions of groups in space

31
Q

naming diastereoisomers

A
  1. assign priority based on atomic number (C=o counts as two Os).
  2. determine if high priority are on the same side

yes: Z
no: E

32
Q

naming alkenes

A

E or Z in front, 4-methylpent-2- ene (methyl has lower priority than double bond)

33
Q

naming cycloalkenes

A

3-chloropentene

start counting at double bond, lowest number for Cl (or whatever sticks off)

34
Q

conformations of organic molecules

A

rotations, requires little energy (not like breaking bonds)

can be eclipsed (line up) or staggered
more repulsion if eclipsed, staggered is more stable

35
Q

drawing cyclohexane

A

axial (up/down), equatorial (sideways) - favoured as they do not repel as much
axial are close and dumb into each other - sterically repel

might conform from chair to boat where all axial become equatorial

36
Q

synthesis

A

addition, substitution, oxidation and reduction

37
Q

addition

A

adding atoms to a molecule

38
Q

substitution

A

exchanging an atom/group from a molecule

39
Q

oxidation

A

loss of electrons (or H)

40
Q

reduction

A

gain of electrons (or H)

41
Q

addition with alkenes and strong acids

A

strong acids give up a proton. alkene becomes a halogenated alkane

nucleophilic alkene is more electron rich than an alkane

HCL (H+ is electrophilic)

  1. H binds and double bond breaks. carbonation occurs (vacant orbital), other end is positive
  2. the Cl- is a nucleophile and binds with positive end
    this product is more stable and has least energy
42
Q

markovnikov’s rule

A

when both ends of an alkene have different numbers of hydrocarbons (not symmetrical), two products can be formed - major (more stable) and minor.

addition of H-X to an alkene occurs such that the carbon with more gains most.

43
Q

nucleophile

A

an atom with a lone pair of electrons or a pi bond

44
Q

electrophile

A

an atom with a vacant orbital or polarised bond

45
Q

dihalogenation reaction

A

alkene reacts with X-X

the double bond breaks and one X binds, causing carbonation.

X- binds with positive end and you get an alkane with two Xs

46
Q

hydration reaction

A

an alkene reacts with water and sulphuric acid (a catalyst)

the H from the acid breaks the bond and causes a positive end. then the water binds.

47
Q

why does oxygen add to the secondary carbon rather than the primary in a hydration reaction?

A

Markovnikov’s rule - increased stability, adding water to the carbon with more carbon substituents, than at the end where the H was initially added

a methyl cation CH3+ is unstable, a tertiary cation CC4 is stable

hyper conjugation: stabilising interaction from mixing a filled sigma orbital with an adjacent empty orbital

CHM1052 (12 decks)

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