Ketones and Aldehydes

Question 1

carbonyl group

Answer 1

the double bond between an sp2 carbon and an sp2 oxygen
sigma bond between sp2 orbitals and pi bond between p orbitals
polarised (difference in electronegativity)

Question 2

aldehydes

Answer 2

1 carbon group and 1 hydrogen group

Question 3

ketones

Answer 3

1 carbon group, 1 R group

Question 4

electronegativity

Answer 4

the O is more electronegative than C and this leads to resonance structures (nucleophiles attack the C, electrophiles attack the O)

Question 5

synthesis of alcohols

Answer 5

hydration of alkenes (Markovnikov, addition of HX) forms nucleophiles and electrophiles
H+ catalyst and Alcohol breaks the double bond and forms an alcohol and H3O+

Question 6

oxidation of alcohols - primary alcohols

Answer 6

two CH bonds. oxidised first to an aldehyde and then reminding CH can be oxidised to COOH

Question 7

secondary alcohols

Answer 7

one CH bond can be oxidised to ketones

Question 8

tertiary alcohols

Answer 8

no CH bond and cannot be oxidised to a carbonyl compound

Question 9

forming alcohols

Answer 9

Grignard reagents add to carbonyls to give alcohols

grignard + aldehyde with a H3O+ catalyst forms a secondary alcohol

grignard + ketone with H3O+ catalyst makes a tertiary alcohol

Question 10

keto-enol tautomerism

Answer 10

keto form has a C=O, enol has an OH with the double bond elsewhere
different forms

Question 11

tautomer

Answer 11

constitutional isomers that differ in the position of the hydrogen. Hydrogen bonding changes reactivity - determines whether ketones or enrols are the majority
- enols can become aromatic and become the majority