Organic Chem 1

Question 1

Major functional groups - Polar or Hydrophlic

Answer 1

• alcohols - amines - carbonyl derivatives all soluble in water

Question 2

Major functional groups - Nonpolar or Hydrophobic Groups

Answer 2

• alkyls - aromatics all soluble in oil

Question 3

Alcohols

Answer 3

• contain hydroxyl groups bound to carbons - are polar because the oxygen has two pairs of non-bonded electrons.

Question 4

Hydroxyls suffix

Answer 4

• OH

Question 5

Primary Alcohol

Answer 5

RCH2OH ie: ethanyl alcohol CH3CH2OH

Question 6

Secondary Alcohol

Answer 6

R2CHOH isopropyl alcohol (CH3)2CHOH

Question 7

Tertiary Alcohol

Answer 7

R3COH tertiary butyl alcohol (CH3)3COH

Question 8

Quaternary Alcohol

Answer 8

doesn’t exist :)

Question 9

Properties of Alcohols

Answer 9

• can give up a proton - not acidic - only ionize under strong basic conditions (ie: propofol pKa of 11 poorly ionizes)

Question 10

If the alcohol contains electron withdrawing groups it will ______

Answer 10

become more acidic ie: (CF3)2CHOH is more acidic than (CH3)2CHOH hexafluoroisopropanol is more acidic than isopropanol because of the highly electronegative fluorine substituents

Question 11

Types of Amines: Primary

Answer 11

RNH2 (one group)

Question 12

Types of Amines: Secondary

Answer 12

R2NH2 (two groups)

Question 13

Types of Amines: Tertiary

Answer 13

R3N (three groups)

Question 14

Types of Amines: quaternary ammonium ion

Answer 14

R4N+

Question 15

Cyclic amines can be ____

Answer 15

secondary, tertiary, or quaternary

Question 16

Amines are derivatives of ammonia

Answer 16

Examples: NH3 - ammonia CH3NH2 - methylamine CH3NHCH3 - dimethylamine CH3N(CH3)CH3 - trimethalamine

Question 17

Amines have a lone pair of _______ electrons on the nitrogen atom

Answer 17

non-bonded

Question 18

Cation

Answer 18

nitrogen with four substituents

Question 19

pKa of amines

Answer 19

basic with a pKa of 8-11

Question 20

Properties of Alkyl Functional Groups

Answer 20

1. Nonpolar (or lipophilic). electrons are more equally shared between atoms, no unbound outer shell electrons, atoms not charged

2. Poorly miscible in water (or aqueous phases). The addition of these groups to a molecule will decrease water solubility of a molecule.

Question 21

Hydrocarbon

Answer 21

molecule contains only hydrogen and carbon

Question 22

Alkyl functional groups

Answer 22

saturated, non-aromatic hydrocarbon groups.

Common alkyl groups:

Question 23

“n”

Answer 23

“n” = normal. It means a straight hydrocarbon chain, no branching

Question 24

“iso”

Answer 24

“Iso” = same. It means a branched hydrocarbon chain having branches that are the same.

Question 25

Prefixes that designate the numbers of carbons:

Answer 25

Meth = 1

eth = 2

prop = 3

but = 4

pent = 5

oct = 6

Question 26

Major polar groups

Answer 26

Question 27

Why are the major polar groups “polar”?

Answer 27

These groups are polar because of the unbound electrons on the oxygen atom which allows interactions with water and other polar groups

Question 28

Polarity and ionization of functional groups have major effects on the behavior of molecules…

Answer 28

Not all polar groups readily ionize, but they are hydrophilic because the groups are polar. For example, hydroxyls, ethers, esters and amides poorly ionize.

Question 29

Carboxylic acids

Answer 29

tend to give up a proton and become ionized and in doing so

become ionized

Question 30

Amines are basic and

Answer 30

tend to acquire a proton and in doing so they become ionized

Question 31

Carboxylic acids and amines can both

Answer 31

readily ionize

Question 32

Fatty acids

Answer 32

combine the extremes of lipophilicity and hydrophilicity in the same molecule - ie, a long alkyl side chain and a highly polar carboxylic acid group on one end.

They have the property of soaps

Question 33

saturated

Answer 33

hydrocarbon molecule containing only single carbon-carbon bonds

Question 34

unsaturated

Answer 34

hydrocarbon molecules containing double or triple carbon-carbon bonds

Question 35

conjugated

Answer 35

denotes alternations of double-single bonds

Question 36

ene

Answer 36

denotes a double bond