Organic and aromatic synthesis

Question 1

alcohol to carboxylic acid

Answer 1

Heat in Reflux with acidified potassium dichromate

Question 2

Haloalkane to amine

Answer 2

You don’t go directly to amine due to further substitution

Haloalkane to nitrile:
KCN (ethanol)
heat

Nitrile to amine:
H2
Ni catalyst
200*c or LiAlH4

Question 3

Alkane to haloalkane

Answer 3

Halogen (X2)
Uv light
free radical substitution

Question 4

Alkene to alcohol
Alcohol to alkene

Answer 4

Alkene to alcohol:
Concentrated H3PO4
high T and P
hydration reaction

Alcohol to alkene:
Conc H2SO4
180*c
dehydration

Question 5

Amine to amide

Answer 5

Acyl chloride/ acid anhydride

Question 6

Haloalkane to alcohol

Answer 6

NaOH(aq)
Warm
nucleophilic substitution

Question 7

Alcohol to ester

Answer 7

Carboxylic acid, conc H2SO4
Or acyl chloride
Or acid anhydride
Esterification

Question 8

alcohol to aldehyde/ketone
aldehyde/ketone to alcohol

Answer 8

alcohol to aldehyde/ketone:
K2Cr2O7
H2SO4
heat
oxidation or redox

aldehyde/ketone to alcohol:
NaBH4
reduction or redox

Question 9

alkene to haloalkane
haloalkane to alkene

Answer 9

alkene to haloalkane:
HX
electrophilic addition

haloalkane to alkene:
KOH (ethanol)
hot
elimination reaction

Question 10

carboxylic acid to ester

Answer 10

alcohol
conc H2SO4
esterification

Question 11

benzene to cyclohexane

Answer 11

H2
Ni catalyst
200*c
electrophilic addition

Question 12

benzene to nitrobenzene

Answer 12

conc HNO3
conc H2SO4 catalyst
50*c
electrophilic substitution