Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA Flashcards
Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
what are adverse affects of cisplatin and how do you prevent it
- it binds to not only cancer-causing cells but healthy ones too
this causes additional health problems such as hair loss - small doses should be given where possible to reduce severity of side effect
- further research to develop a drug with the same qualities of cisplatin but selectively binds to DNA
Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
how does cisplatin prevent cancer
it prevents DNA replication from happening
Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
which base does cisplatin interact with
guanine replaces one of the water molecules
Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
upon entering a cell which ligands binds to the cisplatin prior to its interaction with DNA
2 water molecules replace the 2 chlorine molecules
Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
what must cisplatin bypass in order to act
cell membrane
Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
what are the 4 ligands that are initially bonded to the cisplatin molecule
2 chlorine atoms and 2 NH3 molecules
Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
what is the shape and bond of cisplatin
square planar and 90
Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
which alteration occurs to the DNA molecule for it to begin replication
hydrogen bonds break so the DNA unwinds
Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
what sugar is found in DNA
a pentose sugar
Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
what is DNA made from
nucleotides (phosphate, nitrogenous base, sugar)
Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
what is an enzyme inhibitor
an inhibitor is a molecule that binds with the enzymes active site preventing the usual substrate from binding there and prevents enzymes from catalysing the metabolic reaction
Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
does enantiomers of chiral molecules affect the active site of enzymes
the active site of an enzyme is specific enough shape such that only one enantiomer can bind
Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
what is the term for the structure when the enzyme and substrate bind
enzyme-substrate complex
Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
why does altering the pH affect the functional group of an enzyme, explain in terms of protein structure
altering the pH affects the groups within the enzymes protein structure. this changes the bonding and alters the specific shape of the active site so the substrate can no longer bind
Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
why does an increased temperature affect the function of an enzyme and explain the terms of protein structure
increasing the temperature provides enough energy to break the attraction within the tertiary structure, altering the specific shape of the active site so the substrate can no longer bind
Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
which stage of an enzymes protein structure makes the active site specific
tertiary structure- attraction between R groups of amino acids monomers
Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
what are amino acids
they are globular proteins that are made from a sequence of amino acids and they act as biological catalysts
Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
what bonds hold the tertiary structure together
- hydrogen bonds
- disulphide bonds
- ionic attraction (the COO- and the NH3+)
Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
what bonds holds the secondary structure together in amino acids
hydrogen bonds between the C=O and N=H bonds
Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
what holds the primary structure in amino acids
a specific sequence of amino acids in held together by peptide bonds (a type of covalent bond)
Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
what is the strongest bond that can be found within a proteins tertiary structure
disulphide bridges
Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
state the attraction that causes a protein to form either an alpha helix or a beta sheet
hydrogen bonds as they contain polar C=O and N=H bonds which can bond together
Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
what does joining 2 amino acids together make and what is a by product
you create a peptide link through a condensation reaction and a water molecule is the by product
Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
what are barring glycine amino acids
they are chiral
Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
what functional groups do amino acids contain
- a hydrogen atom
- a carboxyl (COOH) group
- an amine/ amino group (NH2)
- a variable group (R) which depends on the specific amino acid
Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
Describe haem.
- central Fe2+ ion
- 5 permanent ligands
- 4 N atoms attached to porphyrin ring (tetradentate ligand)
- 1 N atom attached to globin protein
Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
How do DNA nucleotides bond with one another?
- covalent bond
- between phosphate of one nucleotide
- and 2-deoxyribode of another nucleotide
- forms sugar-phosphate polymer chain
Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
How do enzyme inhibitors work?
- drug with similar shape to substrate can be produced
- binds to enzyme active site, blocking the active site
- prevents substrate from binding
- reduces rate of reaction
Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
How do you separate amino acids in a protein?
- hydrolysis
- heat under reflux
- with concentrated hydrochloric acid catalyst for 24 hours
- all peptide linkages are hydrolysed
- amino acids separated
Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA
How does elasticity of proteins work?
- stretching a protein elongates hydrogen bonds
- releasing tension causes hydrogen bonds to return to original length
