Organic Flashcards
Hydrocarbon
A compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon atoms
Homologous series
A family of compounds containing the same functional group but with each successive member of the series differing by a CH2 group
Functional group
An atom/ group responsible for the characteristic reactions of the compound
Aromatic
Compound containing a benzene ring
Aliphatic
Compounds of carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non aromatic rings
Alicyclic
Aliphatic compounds arranged in non aromatic rings with or without side chains
Prop
3
But
4
Structural isomerism
Molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula
Himolytic fission
The breaking of a covalent bond where one electron from the bonding pair goes to each to atom to form two radicals
Heterolytic fission
The breaking of a covalent bond where on bonding atom receives both electrons from the bonding pair to form 2 ions with opposite charges
Bonding in alkanes
4
Saturated hydrocarbons
C-C and C-H are made up of sigma bond
Sigma bond is formed between two carbon atoms by the direct single overlap of orbitals directly between bonding atoms
This allows free rotation of sigma bond
Carbon chain length - alkanes BP
4
As the chain length increase so does the boiling point
More surface contact between molecules
More induced dipole-dipole interactions betweeen the molecules
More energy needed to overcome them
Branching- alkanes BP
3
A branched isomer has a lower boiling point than an unbranded
When it’s more branched there is less surface contact between molecules so less induced dipole dipole interactions
Less energy needed to break the weaker induced dipole dipole interaction between the molecules
Alkanes are relatively unreactive because
Sigma bonds are
Non polar
Strong
Combustion of alkanes
4
Exotherimic
Useful as fuels
Plentiful oxygen= CO2 and H2O
Limited oxygen= CO and H2O
Radical substitution
Reagents: halogen and excess alkane
Conditions: UV radiation
Radical
A species with an unpaired electron.
Substitution
Reaction where an atom or a group in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group
Electrophile
Electron pair acceptor
Nucleophile
Electron pair donor
Addition
A reaction where a group is added across a double bond of an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule
One product
Limitation of radical substitution
6
Mixture of products
Further substitution leads to a mixture of halegenoalkanes
Structural isomers
Low % yield of halegenoalkanes
Separation by fractional distillation is costly
Excess methane is used to avoid further substitution
Bonding in alkenes
C=C double bond is made of pi and sigma bond
Restricted rotation of pi bond
Sigma bond is formed directly between two carbon atoms by the head on single overlap of orbitals directly between bonding atoms
Pi bond is formed by the double sideways overlap of adjacent p orbital above and below c atoms
Stereoisomers
Compounds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement of the atoms in space
Criteria for E/Z isomerism
Must have a carbon carbon double bond as this cannot rotate
Each carbon of the C=C must have two different groups attached to it
Additional criteria for cis / trans
Two groups on the c=c bond must be Identical
Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes because
C=c bond
Chemical test for alkene functional group
Add bromine and shake
Decolourised = Alkene
Alkene + H2
Electrophilic addition
Nickel catalyst
150 degrees
Alkene + halide Br2
Electrophilic addition
No catalyst
Room temp
Alkene + hydrogen halide
Electrophilic addition
No catalyst
Room temperature
Alkene + steam H2O
Electrophilic addition
Conc. phosphoric acid catalyst
High temp
High pressure
Curly arrow
Shows the movement of an electron pair to either break or make a covalent bond
Major and minor products
Primary (least stable)(minor)
Secondary
Tertiary (most stable) (major)
The more alkyl groups attached, the more the charge is spread out making the ion more stable
Addition polymerisation
Reagents: Alkene monomer
Condition: high temp & pressure, catalyst
Problems with disposal of addition polymers
2
Non biodegradable. C chain is non polar so cannot be broken by hydrolysis.
Burning produces toxic gases(chloro gases)
Processing waste addition polymers
4
Combustion for energy products
Removal of toxic waste products
Use as an organic feedstock for the production of plastics and other organic chemicals
Recycled
Role of chemists in minimising environmental damage
3
Biodegradable polymers- can be broken down by microorganisms in water
Photodegradable polymers- weakened by light
Alkaline scrubber- neutralise toxic HCl gas
Hydration of ethene
Reagents: steam+ ethene
Conditions: H3PO4 catalyst, high temp& pressure
Use of ethanol: as a solvent and chemical feedstock
100% yield and atom economy
Fast rate of reaction
Pure product
Expensive/ high energy
Comes from crude oil= non renewable
Fermentation of sugars
Reagents: glucose
Condition: enzyme( in yeast) 37 degrees
Use of ethanol: alcohol
51% atom economy as produces CO2
7-14% yield
Cheap, easy and renewable as come from sugar cane
CO2 by product, low yield, slow reaction
Solubility of alcohol
4
Dissolve in water as there is a polar -OH group which forms hydrogen bond with polar H2O molecules
First three members are soluble
Solubility decrease as chain length increases because
A larger part of the molecule is made up of non polar hydrocarbon chain which doesn’t form hydrogen bonds with water
Boiling point of alcohols
Higher than alkanes
Hydrogen bonds are very strong and need Lots if energy to overcome them
Stronger than London forces
Dehydration of alcohols
Reagents: conc. acid
Condition: heat under reflux
Where a H2O molecule is removed form a saturated molecule to form an unsaturated molecule
Oxidation of primary alcohol
Acidified dichromate
Distillation
Aldehyde + h20
Further oxidation Of primary alcohol
Carboxyl is acid
Reflux
Oxidation of secondary alcohol
Reflux
Ketone
Nucleophilic substitution
NaBr and H2SO4 makes HBr in situ
Reflux
When a covalent bond absorbs Infared
It vibrates more
Nucleophilic substitution
Reflux
Reactivity of haloalkanes
Increases down group
Rate Of hydrolysis of haloalkanes
Increases down groups as bonds get weaker