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Chemistry M2 > Organic > Flashcards

Organic Flashcards

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1
Q

Aliphatic

A

Compounds with open chains of carbon atoms
(Straight chain)

Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes

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2
Q

Alicyclic

A

Compounds with closed rings of carbon atoms (except aromatic compounds)

Cycloalkanes
Cycloalkenes

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3
Q

Aromatic

A

Compounds with one or more benzene rings

Benzene
Alkylbenzene

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4
Q

Heterocyclic

A

Compounds with a closed ring made up of atoms of carbon and one or more other elements

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5
Q

Physical properties of alkanes

A
  1. Non-polar water insoluble but soluble in organic solvents
  2. Low boiling points in comparison to other covalent compounds of similar RMMs
  3. Straight chain molecules have greater VDW than branched molecules and therefore higher bps
  4. BP increase from one member of the series to the next increased VDW strength
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6
Q

3 methods of thermal cracking

A
  1. Using a high temperature
  2. Passing the fraction over a hot catalyst e.g. Al2O3
  3. Mix the fraction with steam then heat
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7
Q

Why are alkanes used as fuels?

A

Burn completely in a good supply of oxygen giving a sootless blue flame
Produce a a lot of energy unlike alkenes

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8
Q

Products of propagation steps

A

CH3Cl
CH2Cl2
CHCl3
CCl4

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9
Q

Step A of propagation

A

A chlorine free radical abstracts a H atom from CH4 to give a methyl free radical
CH4 + Cl。-> CH3。+ HCl

CH3。+ Cl2 -> CH3Cl + Cl。

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10
Q

When does geometric isomerism occur?

A

When the carbon atoms are unable to rotate freely about the bonds that join them together

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11
Q

Why are the carbon atoms unable to rotate in geometric isomerism?

A

Groups attached by double bonds cannot rotate without breaking the bond
Bond can out be broken at room temperature
Therefore there is an energy barrier to rotation about a c=c

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12
Q

Chemical properties of Alkenes

A

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

More reactive than alkanes-c=c

Undergo addition reactions

H   H                       H  H
 |    |                         |   |
C=C  + A-B --> H-C-C-H
 |    |                         |   |
H   H                       A  B
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13
Q

Conditions for catalytic hydrogenation

A

Alkene mixed with H2 gas passed over a finely divided solid Ni catalyst at 150•c

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14
Q

Physical properties of alkenes

A

Slightly polar due to c=c -> weak van der waals forces

Almost completely water insoluble (a little dissolves due to attraction between c=c and H of H2O)

Soluble in non-polar organic solvents

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15
Q

Why is c=c stronger than c-c?

A

Made up of pi and sigma bond

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16
Q

Why is c=c shorter that c-c?

A

The 2 shared pairs of electrons in positive carbon nuclei in c=c pull them closer together

Increased orbital overlap give a shorter bond

17
Q

What bond causes alkenes to be reactive?

A

Pi bond
More exposed
More readily attacked by electrophiles

18
Q

Why do we have CIS and TRANS?

A

pi bond holds Cs in c=c in ridged shape

Provides an energy barrier to rotation about c=c

Insufficient energy at room temperature to break c=c

No rotation about c=c

19
Q

Why are alkanes I reactive towards electrophiles?

A

The c-c in alkanes are sigma bonds which have:

Lower electron density

Lower availability of bonding electron pairs

20
Q

Shape of alkenes?

A

Trigonal (but always look about central atom)

120•

C=c locks atoms making up into a shape causing all atoms directly connected to them to be in one plane

21
Q 
Oxidising Agents (3)
Alcohols
A

H2SO4

Potassium Dichromate (Orange)

Potassium Permanganate (purple)

22
Q

Conditions for oxidation of 1。 alcohols to aldehydes

A

Add oxidising agent to a mix of hot ethanol and acid

Distill off aldehyde as it forms

To make a carboxylic acid heat under reflux

23
Q

Conditions for oxidation a of secondary alcohols to Ketones

A

Orange colour of potassium dichromate turns green

Chromate ion is reduced to Cr3+

Heat under reflux

24
Q

Conditions for PCl5 and SOCl2

A

Room temperature

Alcohol must be anhydrous because PCl5 and SOCl2 hydrolyse water

25
Q

Conditions for sodium and alcohol

A

Forms H2 and metal alkoxide

Room temperature

Chemistry M2 (2 decks)

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