Organic Flashcards
What is a structural formula?
Shows to atoms, carbon by carbon, with the attached hydrogens and functional groups
What is a molecular formula?
The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule
What is a displayed formula?
Shows all atoms and their arrangements including bonds
What is the empirical formula?
The simplest ratio of different atoms of elements in a molecule
What is a homologous series?
Organic compounds with he same general formula and similar chemical properties.
What characteristics do homologous series have?
Same functional group
Similar chemical properties
Organic
Same general formula
What are structural isomers?
Compounds with the same molecular formula, different arrangement of atoms
What are chain isomers?
Same molecular formula, different arrangements of the carbon skeleton (display formula). Can be branched or un ranches
What are positional isomers?
Compounds with the Same molecular formula, different position of the functional group
What are functional group isomers?
Same molecular formula, different functional group
What are hydrocarbons?
Molecules consisting of the elements hydrogen and carbon only.
What are alkanes?
Organic compounds with no double bonds between carbon atoms
What is the alkane called with seven carbon atoms?
Heptane
What is the alkane called with 4 carbon atoms?
Butane
What is the IUPAC system?
A set of rules for naming organic compounds correctly
What is nomenclature?
How you name organic compounds
What are cycloalkanes?
Alkanes in a ring, where there are two hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon.
What are branched alkanes?
Not straight chained alkanes, they have side chains but still no double bonds between carbon atoms
What is the prefix where there are 3 carbons on a side chain in an alkane?
Propyl
What are haloalkanes?
Alkanes where one or more hydrogens have been replaced with a halogen
What are alkenes?
Organic compounds with at least one double bond between carbon atoms
Which organic compound is unsaturated?
Alkenes (double bonds)
What is fractional distillation?
A process of separating a mixture (crude Oil) by boiling points
Describe the method involved with the fractional distillation of crude oil
- crude oil vaporised at 350oC
- vaporised crude oil goes from the bottom of the column to the top
- large hydrocarbons don’t vaporise at all, they stay solid at the bottom
- temperature cools going up the column, creating a temperature gradient
- because of different boiling points of alkanes, they condense off at different temperatures. The fractions are drawn off at different levels
Why do we crack large hydrocarbons?
Smaller chained hydrocarbons are more useful and are in higher demand and are therefore more profitable
What are the two types of cracking?
Thermal cracking
Catalytic cracking
How is thermal cracking done?
Takes place at a high temperature (up to 1000oC) and high pressure (up to 70atm).
How is catalytic cracking done?
Uses a zeolite catalyst, at a slight pressure and high temperature (450oC).
What cracking produces more alkenes and why?
Thermal cracking (smashing)
What is petroleum?
A mixture that consists of mainly alkane hydrocarbons (crude oil)
Why are catalysts used in industry?
Speeds up the rate of reaction, producing product in a quicker time = faster and profit
Reaction can be done at a lower temperature and pressure, meaning less costs to produce these conditions = more profitable
What is complete combustion?
Burning or oxidising Compounds (alkanes) in plenty of oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water
What is incomplete combustion?
Burning compounds (alkanes) in not enough oxygen, producing particulate (carbon), carbon monoxide as well as carbon dioxide
What are pollutants from burning fuels? (In cars) and where do they come from?
Nitrogen oxides - high pressure and temperature in car engine cause nitrogen in the air to react with oxygen in the air. Nitrogen oxide can react again to produce nitrogen dioxide
Unburnt hydrocarbons - from fuel
Ground level ozone (o3) when hydrocarbons react with nitrogen oxide
Carbon monoxide
Sulphur dioxide - impurities in the fuel are oxidise
What are catalytic converters and what are they used for?
Contain transition (rhodium or platinum) metals and are used to convert pollutants into less harmful chemicals
Name three greenhouse gases
Water vapour, carbon dioxide and methane
How does global warming work?
Electromagnetic radiation from the sun reaches the earth and Is absorbed. The earth re-emits this as infrared radiation. Gases in the troposphere (lowest layer of the atmosphere) absorbs some of this infrared recitation and emits this in all directions, including towards the earth, keeping us warm. This is the greenhouse effect
