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Organic Flashcards

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0
Q

What are hydrocarbons

A

Compounds containing the elements hydrogen and carbon only

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1
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

A branch of chemistry which studies the many compounds which the element carbon forms

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2
Q

Why are Hydrocarbons important?

A

A) used as fuels e.g methAne in natural gas used in bunsens
Propane and butane- bottle gas (BBQ)
B) are monomers used to make polymers( plastics)

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3
Q

Give a main source of hydrocarbons

A

Crude oil

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4
Q

What happens in fractional distillation

A

Raw crude oil undergoes Frac. Distill. - the different sized hydrocarbons are separated out from each other

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5
Q

What are aliphatic hydrocarbons?

A

Molecules contain:
A straight chain
A branched chain
A ring of carbon atoms

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6
Q

Was a aromatic hydrocarbons?

A

These molecules contain benzene ring

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7
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A
  • Contain single covalent bonds between the carbon atoms

- Undergo Substitution reactions

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8
Q

What are unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A
  • Contain at least 1 multiple ( double or triple) bond between two carbon atoms
  • Undergo addition reactions
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9
Q

How could you test for unsaturation?

A

A) red bromine water -> colourless

B) ACIDIFIED KMnO4 purple -> colourless

Add X to test tube & shake

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10
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A family of organic compounds

All the members of the family

  1. Have the same general formula
  2. have similar method of preparation
  3. Have similar chemical properties
  4. Contain the same functional group
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11
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A group of atoms common to all members of a homologous series

Determine the properties

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12
Q

How is methane a useful fuel?

A
  1. Easily piped
  2. Relatively cheap
  3. Relatively clean
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13
Q

Give two properties of the alkanes

A
  1. Non-polar molecules but contain slightly polar covalent bonds
  2. Virtually insoluble in water
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14
Q

Explain the intra molecular bonding of the alkanes

A

C-H bonds are slightly polar covalent
HOWEVER: the overall molecule is non-polar
Due to its shape/ symmetry, the centre of positive charge coincides with the centre of negative charge

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15
Q

Explain why propane has a lower boiling point than butane

A
  • Propane is a smaller molecule i.e. Smaller relative mol. mass
  • contains fewer electrons
  • weaker intermolecular forces, easier to break
16
Q

What is a substitution reaction?

A

Undergone by saturated compounds e.g. alkanes

One atom or group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group of atoms

17
Q

Name one reagent which the alkanes react with

A

Chlorine - Cl2

MUST HAVE U.V. LIGHT

18
Q

Write an equation for the reaction between methane and chlorine

A

CH4 + Cl2 —–> CH3Cl + HCl

19
Q

Give and use of chloromethane and chloroethane

A

Used as solvents in dry cleaning

20
Q

What is a reaction mechanism?

A

A reaction mechanism shows the different stages / steps which take place during a reaction in order for products to be formed

21
Q

Name two types of mechanisms

A

Free radical substitution

Ionic addition

22
Q

What mechanism occurs during the mono chlorination of methane

A

Free radical substitution mechanism. During this mechanism intermediate species called free radicals form i.e a highly reactive species with an unpaired electron

23
Q

Give 2 features of an elimination reaction

A
  1. A small molecule is taken from a large molecule

2. Unsaturated product formed

24
Q

Give 2 uses of methanol

A
  • oxygenate added to petrol to increase the octane no. and reduce air pollution
  • added to industrial alcohol to stop consumption of this alcohol
25
Q

Give a use of methanal

A

A solution of methanal is used as an embalming fluid

26
Q

Give a use of methanoic acid

A

A weak acid found in stinging ants and nettles

27
Q

Give 4 uses of ethanol

A
  • alcoholic drinks
  • oxygenate
  • solvent in cosmetics ( perfume)
  • used to make soaps i.e. solvent for veg. oil or animal fat
28
Q

Where would ethanal be found

A

Formed in the human body ie metabolite from ethanol

W

29
Q

Give 2 uses of ethanoic acid

A

To make vinegar

To make cellulose acetate for use in varnishes

30
Q

Give a use of propanoic acid

A

Food preservation - stops growth of moulds

31
Q

Give a use for propan-2-one

A

Solvent used in nail varnish remover

32
Q

Why do alcohols have higher boiling point than their corresponding alkanes or alkenes

A

The intermolecular forces between alcohol molecules are hydrogen bonds.
Alkanes and alkenes have weaker Van der Waals forces

33
Q

Name an aromatic aldehyde found in almond kernels

A 
Benzaldehyde 
     H
      |
     C = O
      | _
      / o\
      \ _/
34
Q

Give one way of forming an aldehyde in the lab

A

Oxidize a primary alcohol, using an oxidising agent such as acidified sodium dichromate or acidified KMnO4

35
Q

How would you reduce an aldehyde to an alcohol?

A

Heat the aldehyde with hydrogen ( reducing agent )

Use a nickel catalyst

36
Q

Name the first 2 members of the ketone _____

|

A

Propan-2-one

Butan-2-one

37
Q

How would you distinguish between an aldehyde and acetone in the lab

A

Mix an equal volume of Fehlings A+B ( blue colour)
Place in test tubes, add aldehyde to one and ketone to another in a water bath ( heat)
Aldehyde-> a brick red precipitate of copper 1 oxide forms
Ketone -> no brick red precipitate forms
Why? Aldehydes are easily oxidized by the Fehlings to a carboxylic acid. The C=O group in ketones is surrounded by an alkyl group on each side making it difficult to oxidise

Chemistry (5 decks)

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