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chemistry paper 2 > organic 2 > Flashcards

organic 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

how do you identify/label a chiral carbon

A

with a star *

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2
Q

what is an enantiomer

A

two optical isomers of the same molecule

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3
Q

what is a racemic mixture

A

one with a 50:50 ratio mix of the two enantiomers

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4
Q

what do two enantiomers do to plane polarised light

A

rotate it in opposite directions

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5
Q

what would a racemic mixture do to plane polarised light

A

not rotate it as the rotations from each enantiomer cancel each other out - optically inactive

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6
Q

what can you use to detect the rotation

A

a polarimeter

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7
Q

Sn1 or Sn2 for tertiary, secondary and primary alcohols

A

tertiary - Sn1
secondary - both
primary - Sn2

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8
Q

Sn1 or Sn2 for chlorine, iodine and bromine

A

iodine - Sn1 (larger atom so bond length is longer and therefore weaker)
bromine - both
chlorine - Sn2 (bond is strongest so must be broken first)

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9
Q

what does sn1 and sn2 mean

A

sn1 has only 1 species reacting and 1 in rate equation (1st order)
sn2 has 2 species reacting and 2 in rate equation (2nd order)

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10
Q

what happens in an sn2 mechanism of a chiral carbon

A

the optical activity is flipped as the OH attacks from the opposite side to the group leaving

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11
Q

what are stereoisomers

A

molecules that have the same structural formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space (E-Z or optical)

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12
Q

what are optical isomers

A

non-superimposable mirror images which rotate the plane of plane-polarised light in an equal amount but opposite directions

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13
Q

what is plane polarised light

A

light that oscillates in one plane

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14
Q

what is a polarimeter

A

used to measure the rotation of plane polarised light (by enatomiers)

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15
Q

what is a chiral carbon

A

has 4 different groups bonded to it

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16
Q

are aldehydes and ketones soluble in water

A

yes as they form hydrogen bonds w water w their oxygen

17
Q

do they form hydrogen bonds with themselves

A

no as they do not have a delta positive hydrogen

18
Q

potassium dichromate test

A

orange-> green if oxidised

tertiary alcohols/ ketones remain orange

19
Q

Fehlings test

A

blue-> red ppt (aldehydes only)

20
Q

Tollens test

A

colourless-> silver mirror (aldehydes only)

21
Q

how to reduce ketones/aldehydes or carboxylic acid back to alcohol

A

add LiAlH4 in dry ether conditions as it can react violently

22
Q

how to make a hydroxynitrile and why are they made

A

react aldehyde or ketone with HCN

used in chemical synthesis to extend carbon chain

23
Q

why is a racemic mixture produced when adding HCN

A

CN nucleophile can attack from either side of the plane as carbon is trigonal planar- both enantomiers made

24
Q

why is KCN often used over HCN

A

HCN is hard to store and a toxic gas which produces dangerous by-products

25
Q

iodoform test

A

add iodine
add NaOH until colour of iodine disappears
yellow ppt forms if COCH3 is present

26
Q

2,4 DNPH test

A

add 2,4 DNPH
orange ppt forms
can recrystallise ppt to work out boiling point of hydrazone

27
Q

are carboxylic acids soluble in water

A

yes they form hydrogen bonds with water molecules

28
Q

can carboxylic acids bond to themselves

A

yes it forms hydrogen bonds with itself

29
Q

how can carboxylic acids be neutralised

A

add a base (NaOH or NH3) and will produce a salt and maybe water

30
Q

what is a derivative of carboxylic acid

A

acyl chloride

31
Q

how do you form an acyl chloride

A

carboxylic acid + PCl5 -> acyl chloride + POCl3 + HCl

32
Q

how to make an ester

A

alcohol plus carboxylic acid
remove OH from acid and H from alcohol, produces water

33
Q

properties of esters

A

sweet smelling
used in perfume or food flavouring
low boiling points
good solvents for polar molecules

34
Q

4 reactions of acyl chlorides

A

+water -> carboxylic acid
+alcohol -> ester
+ammonia -> amide
+amines -> N substituted amide

35
Q

how does hydrolysis of esters differ in different conditions

A

acidic (H+ and H2O) -> acid + alcohol
alkaline -> carboxylate salt + alcohol

36
Q

what is carboxylate salt used for
and what is the process called

A

used for soap as it has hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties
process called saponification

37
Q

how to make a condensation polymer

A

dicarboxylic acid + dialcohol
both OH on acid removed
both H on alcohol removed

38
Q

how are condensation polymers good for the environment

A

can be broken down through hydrolysis due to polarity so are biodegradable and can be put into landfill

chemistry paper 2 (4 decks)

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