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organic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a hydrocarbon

A

a compound that only contains hydrogen and carbon atoms

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2
Q

what is nomenclature

A

set of rules that outline how different organic compounds should be named and how their formulas are represented

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3
Q

what is a homologous series

A

all molecules follow a general formula and react in a very similar way

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4
Q

what is a structural isomer

A

a molecule with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula

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5
Q

what are 3 different types of structural isomer

A

position- functional group in different position
functional group- different functional group but same molecular formula
chain- same molecular formula but different carbon chain

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6
Q

what are stereoisomers

A

molecules with the same structural formula but have a different arrangement of atoms in space

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7
Q

2 different types of stereoisomer

A

E-Z- functional groups on opposite sides/same side of double bond

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8
Q

what are alkanes

A

saturated hydrocarbons with the formula CnH2n+2

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9
Q

explain the process of fractional distillation

A

1) the mixture is vapourised and fed into fractioning column
2) vapours rise, cool and condense
3) products at higher melting temperatures (long) condense at bottom

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10
Q

how are the products of fractional distillation made useful

A

cracking- broken down further
reforming- converting alkanes to branched/cyclic hydrocarbons as they undergo combustion more efficiently

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11
Q

what is thermal cracking

A

cracking to produce alkanes and alkenes
use high temp (1200K) and high pressure (7000kPa)

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12
Q

what is catalytic cracking

A

produces aromatic compounds with carbon rings
low temp used (720K) and normal pressure, but with a zeolite catalyst

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13
Q

what do alkanes produce in complete and incomplete combustion

A

complete- CO2 and H2O
incomplete- CO and H2O

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14
Q

why is carbon monoxide dangerous

A

it is a toxic gaseous product which is odourless and colourless
it replaces oxygen in the blood which starves organs of oxygen and can lead to suffocation

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15
Q

what byproducts of combustion produce acid rain

A

nitrogen and sulfur oxides react with water in clouds to produce dilute acids

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16
Q

how can harmful products be removed from combustion

A

using a catalytic converter + rhodium catalyst to convert harmful products to CO2 and H2O

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17
Q

an example of a biofuel

A

ethanol- same amount of carbon is given out to the carbon taken in by crops during growing process

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18
Q

advantages of biofuels

A

release fewer harmful products (carbon neutral)
sustainable (their supply can be maintained at the rate they are being used)

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19
Q

what reaction type and reagent is used for alkanes-> halogenoalkanes

A

electrophilic (free radical) substitution
UV light

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20
Q

what is the process of the UV light breaking down halogen bonds

A

homolytic fission

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21
Q

what are the three steps to free radical substitution

A

initiation
propagation
termination

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22
Q

what are alkenes and cycloalkenes

A

unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one carbon-carbon double bond. their general formula is CnH2n

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23
Q

explain the structure of a carbon-carbon double bond

A

a sigma bond sandwiched between a pi bond

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24
Q

why are carbon-carbon double bonds susceptible to attack from electrophiles

A

it is an area of high electron density

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25
how can you test for a carbon-carbon double bond
bromine water turns from orange to colourless in the presence of alkenes
26
what is the reaction type and reagent for alkenes-> alkanes
electrophilic addition with hydrogen/hydrogenation nickel catalyst
27
what is catalytic hydrogenation used for
the manufacture of margarine from unsaturated vegetable oils
28
what is the reaction type and reagent for alkene-> alcohol
electrophilic addition/hydration steam + acid catalyst (phosphoric) aqueous conditions+ high pressure OR oxidation cold dilute + acidified potassium manganate ions (KMnO4) oxidises double bond to produce diol
29
what is the trend in stability of carbon cations
tertiary- most stable (more likely to form) primary- least stable
30
what steps do hydrogen and bromine always follow in electrophilic addition of alkenes
hydrogen bonds to carbon which is bonded to most hydrogen atoms bromine bonds to carbon which is bonded to most carbon atoms
31
what is addition polymers
produced from alkenes where the double bond is broken to form a repeating unit
32
why does making polymers require lots of energy
alkenes obtained through crude oil- non renewable source extraction and cracking of crude oil are both high energy processes and then more energy is needed to convert alkenes to polymers
33
uses of polymers and why they are not biodegradable
useful for manufacturing plastic products such as shopping bags the unreactive nature of the bonds in addition polymers means they are not biodegradable
34
disposal of addition polymers
recycled feedstock for cracking incinerated to produce energy for other industrial processes (can release toxic gas which must be removed to reduce environmental impact)
35
why are halogenoalkanes polar
the halogens are more electronegative than the carbon
36
reactivity of halogenoalkanes
increases down halogen group fluorine more electronegative= more polar bond and shorter bond therefore stronger
37
reaction type and reagent for halogenoalkanes-> alcohols
nucleophilic substitution aqueous alkali- eg KOH hydroxide ion acts as a nucleophile
38
reaction type and reagent for halogenoalkane-> alkene
elimination heat in ethanolic potassium hydroxide (KOH) hydroxide ion acts as a base
39
which halogenoalkane would react the fastest with aqueous silver nitrate in ethanol
iodine- bond is weakest due to it being longer water is a nucleophile
40
reaction type and reagent for halogenoalkane-> amine
nucleophilic substitution alcoholic ammonia ammonia molecule nucleophile
41
reaction type and reagent for halogenoalkane-> nitrile
nucleophilic substitution alcoholic potassium cyanide (KCN) cyanide ion nucleophile adds on carbon so can be used in synthesis routes to increase carbon chain length
42
what are alcohols
contain an OH functional group and follow general formula CnH2n+1OH
43
what is fermentation of alcohols and benefits compared to hydration of alkenes
enzymes break down starch in crops into sugars which can be fermented to form alcohol this method is cheaper as it can be done at lower temperature but has lower percentage yield and is slower
44
why do alcohols make good fuels
lots of energy released in combustion
45
reaction type and reagent for alcohol-> halogenoalkane (dif reagents for halogens)
nucleophilic substitution PCl5 for chlorine HBr and KBr -> HBr red phosphorus + I -> phosphorus iodide
46
how can PCl5 test for alcohols
produces white steamy fumes that turn damp blue litmus paper red
47
reaction type and reagent for alcohol-> alkene
dehydration conc phosphoric acid
48
reaction type and reagent for primary alcohol oxidation
oxidation acidified potassium dichromate produces aldehyde in distillation produces carboxylic acid in reflux
49
reaction type and reagent for secondary alcohol oxidation
oxidation acidified potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7-/H+) forms ketones
50
how to test for primary/secondary/tertiary alcohols
K2Cr2O7 added colour change from orange to green when oxidised tertiary no change as not oxidised
51
what is reforming
the processing of straight chain hydrocarbons into branched chain alkanes and cyclic hydrocarbons for efficient combustion
52
what is the problem with renewable sources of fuel compared to non renewable
has a low percentage yield as it is a slow process
53
what is a radical
a species with an unpaired electron and is represented in mechanisms by a single dot
54
limitations of free radical substitution
termination step can produce impurities if 2 radicals bond together to make a different product to the desired product further substitution can occur if another radical collides with the product of propagation (mixture of products form) you have to separate desired product from any other products made
55
define electrophile
forms bonds with a nucleophile by accepting an electron pair
56
what is heterolytic bond fission
breaking of a covalent bond to form ions (one species takes both electrons)
57
how do chemists limit the problems of polymer disposal
developing biodegradable polymers removing toxic waste gases caused by incineration of plastics
58
what is a nucleophile
a nucleophile is a chemical species that forms bonds by donating an electron pair
59
which haloalkane is hydrolysed the fastest, primary secondary or tertiary
tertiary as it goes by Sn1 mechanism whereas primary and secondary go by Sn2
60
heating under reflux description
continually heats contents of flask to allow reactions like the oxidation of primary alcohols to proceed all the way to form carboxylic acids. the condenser helps to ensure the vapours condense and return to the flask for further heating, vapours cannot escape
61
separating funnel description
used to separate 2 liquids with different densities, the mixture is added to the flask and the liquids are allowed to separate into 2 layers. the tap can then be opened to collect the bottom, denser liquid in one flask and the less dense liquid in a second flask
62
distillation description
used to seperate liquids with different boiling points. pear shaped flask is heated and substance with lower boiling point will evaporate first, rising out of the flask and into the condenser, causing the substance to cool and condense into a liquid to collect in a second flask
63
drying a compound description
addition of an anhydrous salt, as it will absorb all moisture/water present, purifying the compound eg sodium sulphate
64
boiling point determination description
you can test a compounds purity by finding the boiling point of it and comparing to databook value, the closer it is the more pure the substance is if the substance is not pure it will have a range of boiling temperatures substance is packed into a thiele tube which has an inverted capillary tube in it, the substance is heated above its boiling point and allowed to cool, when it turns back to liquid this temperature is taken as the boiling point
65
how to observe hydrolysis rate of haloalkane
heat with aqueous silver nitrate and ethanol water=nucleophile ethanol=solvent to ensure they react together ppt forms of silver halide
66
why is reaction between haloalkane and ammonia heated and in a sealed container
heat increases rate of reaction sealed container so ammonia gas cannot escape from reaction
67
reagent for alkene -> haloalkane
HCl gas
68

chemistry paper 2 (5 decks)

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