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Chemistry A Level 1 > organic > Flashcards

organic Flashcards

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1
Q

Catalytic converters

A

remove unburnt hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide from exhausts

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2
Q

Flue gas desulphurisation

A

removes SO2 using CaO or CaCO3

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3
Q

Free radical substitutions require what and have which 3 steps

A

UV light

Initiation, propagation, termination

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4
Q

Thermal cracking

A

produces a high percentage of alkenes and uses high pressures and high temperatures

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5
Q

Catalytic cracking

A

uses a zeolite catalyst, slight pressure and high temperature. Catalytic cracking produces aromatic hydrocarbons and motor fuels

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6
Q

Alternatives to CFCs

A

include HFCs and hydrocarbons

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7
Q

Depletion of ozone

A

Cl + O3  ClO* + O2
ClO + O3  2O2 + Cl*
*Overall: 2O3  3O2
*UV light breaks C-Cl bonds in CFCs

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8
Q
  • Ozone formed
A

O2  O + O*
O2 + O  O3
*O3 prevents a lot of UV radiation from the sun from reaching earth
*UV radiation causes sunburn and skin cancer

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9
Q

Elimination – hydroxide ions must be dissolved in ethanol

A
  • Anhydrous conditions
  • Hydroxide ions act as a base
  • Accept a proton from the carbon atom
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10
Q

mechanism forming alkene from haloalkane

A

elimination reaction

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11
Q

what conditions for elimination

A

reflux

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12
Q

Reagent for nucleophile substitution reactions

A

Ethanolic potassium cyanide

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13
Q

Formation of alcohols through nucleophilic substitution reactions

A

warm aqueous potassium or sodium hydroxide

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14
Q

formation of amines needs

A
  • Hydrolysis
  • Reagent = excess ethanolic ammonia
  • The amine group has a lone pair of electrons, acts as a nucleophile
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15
Q

uses of PVC

A

properties can be modified with a plasticiser

rigid PVC used for drain pipes, window frames

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16
Q

what is plasticised pvc used for

A

cable insulation, clothing and tiles

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17
Q

why are polymers unreactive

A

main carbon chain is non-polar and saturated

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18
Q

addition reactions with Br2

A

produces a dihalogenoalkane
Br2 molecule is polarised by double bond
double bond repels electrons in Br-Br bond

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19
Q

addition reactions with HBr

A

produces halogenoalkane
if the alkene is asymmetrical there are 2 possible products
cold concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst
produces alcohol

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20
Q

addition reactions with H2SO4

A

major produce is produces via the most stable carbocation intermediate
minor product is produced from the other carbocation intermediate
if asymmetrical there are 2 possible products
cold conc, sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst
produces an alcohol

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21
Q

bromine water used to test for unsaturation in hydrocarbons

A

orange bromine water decolourises when mixed with an alkene

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22
Q

fermentation of glucose producing ethanol temperature

A

30 - 40 celsius

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23
Q

what is yeast used for in fermentation of glucose to produce ethanol

A

enzyme

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24
Q

equation for fermentation of glucose produces ethanol

A

C6H12O6 –> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

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25
Q

biofuel

A

ethanol made via fermentation
biofuels are carbon neutral

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26
Q

decision surrounding use of biofuels

A

land used for biofuels cant be used for crops
all car engines would need modifying to use different fuels

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27
Q

are biofuels carbon neutral

A

fossil fuels must be burnt to power machinery and provide transportation

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28
Q

how do you separate ethanol when fermenting glucose

A

fractional distillation

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29
Q

hydration of alkenes

A

produces alcohols

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30
Q

what is needed to produce alcohols from alkenes

A

acid catalyst = phosphoric acid catalyst
and steam

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31
Q

what is needed to produce alkenes from alcohols through elimination reactions

A
  • concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst
  • product requires distillation
  • alkenes produced from a renewable resource — addition polymers can be produced without the need for crude oil
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32
Q

oxidation of alcohols agent

A

acidified potassium dichromate

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33
Q

what are primary alcohols oxidised to

A

aldehydes
- distillation apparatus required to obtain the aldehyde
- aldehydes oxidised to carboxylic acid
- reflux apparatus to obtain the carboxylic acid

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34
Q

what are secondary alcohols oxidised to

A

ketones

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35
Q

are tertiary alcohols easily oxidised

A

no

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36
Q

test for alkenes

A

orange bromine water decolourises in the presence of an alkene

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37
Q

test for aldehydes

A

tollens - silver mirror
fehlings - blue to red

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38
Q

test for alcohols

A
  • add acidified dichromate
  • tertiary alcohols wont react
  • primary and secondary will react and solution will turn from orange to green. test new solution for an aldehyde to determine if primary or secondary. aldehyde present = primary
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39
Q

test for carboxylic acids

A
  • add sodium carbonate
  • if present, then solution will fizz due to CO2
  • CO2 will turn limewater cloudy
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40
Q

high resolution mass spectrometry

A
  • measures molecular and atomic masses
  • allows you to distinguish between compounds which have the same Mr
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41
Q

infrared spectroscopy works how

A

different covalent bonds absorb infrared radiation at distinctive wave numbers

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42
Q

fingerprint region

A

500 - 1500
unique to each compound

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43
Q

infrared radiation absorption contributes to global warming

A

greenhouse gases absorb infrared radiation
radiation re-emitted back toward the earth
increase in concentration of greenhouse gases increases the temperature of the earth

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44
Q

what is a racemic mixture

A

contains exactly equal quantities of each enantiomer from an optically active compound

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45
Q

do racemic mixtures display optical activity and why

A

because the enantiomer cancel out each other’s rotation of light

46
Q

how is racemic mixture formed

A

produced from reactions which involve planar bond

planar bond has equal chance of being attacked from above or below

47
Q

what are optical isomers

A

mirror images, cannot be superimposed

48
Q

what do optical isomers have

A

chiral carbon

49
Q

what are enantiomers

A

optical isomers
same structural formular but different arrangement in space

50
Q

rotate plane-polarised light

A

one enantiomer will rotate light in a clockwise direction, and one in an anticlockwise direction

51
Q

do ketones easily undergo oxidation

A

no

52
Q

nucleophilic addition with aldehydes and ketones

A

react with potassium cyanide
produces hydroxynitriles - produces a mixture of enantiomers if the aldehyde/ketone is asymmetrical

53
Q

potassium cyanide

A

irritant
reacts with water to produce hydrogen cyanide
hydrogen cyanide is extremely toxic

54
Q

aldehydes can be reduced to what

A

primary alcohols

55
Q

ketones can be reduces to what

A

secondary alcohols

56
Q

what is the reducing agent for aldehydes and ketones

A

NaBH4

57
Q

what is the mechanism in reduction of aldehydes and ketones

A

nucleophilic addition

58
Q

benzene bonding

A
  • one pair of unpaired electrons per carbon
  • forms a ring of delocalised electrons
  • delocalised ring of electrons means benzene is very stable
  • benzene more stable
  • all C-C bonds same length
  • length between C-C bonds in benzene is between the length of C-C and C=C bonds
59
Q

what mechanism is in nitration

A

electrophilic substitution
aromatic compounds attract nucleophiles due to dense benzene ring
destroy stable benzene ring

60
Q

what temperatures do mononitration occur

A

<55 celsius

61
Q

what does nitration of aromatics produce

A

nitrobenzene

62
Q

reagents for nitration of aromatics

A

concentrated nitric acid and sulfuric acid
produce the NO2+ electrophile
sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst

63
Q

friedel crafts acylation

A

aromatics heated under reflux in a non-aqueous solvent
produces phenylketones

64
Q

mechanism of friedel crafts acylation

A

electrophilic substitution

65
Q

what catalyst for friedel crafts acylation

A

AlCl3
generates electrophile from the acyl chloride

66
Q

which is used more in industry: ethanoic anhydride or enthanoyl chloride

A

ethanoic anhydride because it is cheaper and safer

67
Q

nucleophilic addition-elimination
acid anhydride and water

A

produces carboxylic acid

68
Q

nucleophilic addition-elimination
acid anhydride and amines

A

produces N-substituted amide

69
Q

nucleophilic addition-elimination
acid anhydride and alcohol

A

produces an ester

70
Q

nucleophilic addition-elimination
acid anhydride and ammonia

A

produces an amide
amide have functional group -CONH2

71
Q

acyl chloride functional group

A

-COCl

72
Q

carboxylic acids

A

weak acids

73
Q

carboxylic acids react with alcohols

A

condensation reaction
esterification reaction
forms esters
strong acid catalyst required e.g. conc sulfuric acid

74
Q

carboxylic acid react with carbonates

A

form co2

75
Q

animal fats and vegetable oils are esters of what

A

propan-1,2,3-triol (glycerol)

76
Q

fats and oils can produces soap and glycerol how

A

alkaline hydrolysis

77
Q

naming esters

A

first part from alcohol, second from carboxylic acid

78
Q

common uses of esters

A

flavourings
plasticisers
perfumes
solvents

79
Q

functional group of esters

A

-COO-

80
Q

what is biodiesel a mixture of

A

methyl esters of long chain carboxylic acids

81
Q

how is biodiesel produced

A

reacting vegetable oils with methanol with a potassium hydroxide catalyst

82
Q

formation of aromatic amines

A
  • reduction of nitro aromatic compound
  • react with tin metal and conc HCl followed by alkali
  • obtains aromatic amine from salts
83
Q

heating a halogenoalkane with ammonia

A
  • formation of aliphatic amines
  • nucleophilic substitution reaction
  • produces mix of primary, secondary and tertiary amines and quaternary ammonium salts
  • excess ammonia favours primary amine
84
Q

reduction of a nitrile

A
  • forms aliphatic amine
  • react with LiAlH4 in a non-aq solvent followed by dilute acid
    OR
  • react with hydrogen and a nickel catalyst
85
Q

industrially: form aliphatic amine with hydrogen and nickel or with LiAlH4

A

hydrogen and nickel catalyst
more affordable

86
Q

quaternary ammonium salts

A
  • formed when nitrogen atom forms four covalent bonds
  • forms positive ion
  • used as cationic surfactants
  • used in fabric cleaners and hair products
87
Q

nucleophilic properties of amines

A
  • lone pair of electrons on nitrogen atom
  • nucleophilic sub with halogenoalkanes
  • nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions of primary amines and ammonia with acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides
88
Q

amines can form dative covalent bond

A

lone pair of electrons on nitrogen
dative covalent bond with H+ ion

89
Q

base strength of amine depends on

A

availability of lone pair of electrons
- ammonia is a stronger base than aromatic amines
- on aromatic amines the N lone pair is delocalised so less available to accept proton
- primary aliphatic ammines are stronger bases than ammonia due to positive inductive effect pushing e- onto N, makes lone pair more available to accept proton

90
Q

which are more rigid : condensation or addition polymers

A

condensation
permanent dipole dipole and hydrogen bonds
polar bonds

91
Q

polymers in landfill

A
  • cheap and easy
  • methane released in decomposition
  • large areas of land
  • leaks contaminate water supplies
92
Q

recycling polymers

A
  • contamination of plastic can occur during recycling
  • involved collecting, sorting, processing
  • involves raw materials
  • cheaper than making new plastics
93
Q

incineration of polymers

A

toxic gases released - scrubbers must be used to remove HCl
heat produced can be used to generate electricity

94
Q

are polymers biodegradable

A

condensation are
- broken by hydrolysis
- slow
addition polymers are chemically inert
- difficult to dispose of
- non-polar chains

95
Q

cisplatin adverse effects

A

prevents healthy cells from reproducing therefore hair loss and suppresses immune system

96
Q

cisplatin as anticancer drug

A
  • binds to DNA and causes kinks in helix
  • stops tumour cells replicating
  • ligand replacement reaction
  • a bond is formed between platinum and a nitrogen atom in guanine
97
Q

13C NMR standard

A

tetramethylsilane (TMS)

98
Q

what is NMR

A

different amounts of energy absorbed by nuclei in dif environments
used to determine structure of molecules

99
Q

samples in H NMR dissolved in what

A

deuterated solvents or CCl4

100
Q

what is used as standard in NMR and why

A

TMS (tetramethylsilane)
- produces a single peak away from other peaks
- inert and non toxic
- volatile and easy to remove

101
Q

separation in chromatography depends on

A

distribution of substances in mobile and stationary phase

102
Q

gas chromatography

A
  • used to separate volatile liquids
103
Q

stationary phase of gas chromatography

A

solid or solid coated in liquid
solid packed into a long coiled tube ration

104
Q

mobile phase of gas chromatography

A

unreactive carrier gas

105
Q

what is gas chromatography usually followed by

A

mass spectrometry

106
Q

thin layer chromatography mobile phase

A

solvent

107
Q

thin layer chromatography stationary phase

A

glass or metal plate coated in silica or alumina

108
Q

column chromatography used for

A

separating solutions
more soluble chemical has a higher affinity for the solvent
therefore travels quicker through column

109
Q

mobile phase of column chromatography

A

mixture allowed to drain down column along with mobile phase

110
Q

stationary phase of column chromatography

A

stationary phase in a glass column packed with slurry of an absorbent material

111
Q

TLC solvent moves up paper carrying substances in mixture

A
  • more soluble chemical spends more time in solvent
  • means it will move further up the plate
  • UV light or locating agents
  • reveals colourless chemicals on the plate

Chemistry A Level 1 (19 decks)

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