ORGANIC Flashcards
Is the more electronegative element the oxidising or reducing agent?
oxidising agent
When something gains electrons in a reaction it is called the ? agent and it is?.
oxidising agent, it is reduced
What happens to oxidation state when something is oxidised?
oxidation number increases
What is oxidation in terms of oxygen?
When oxygen is gained to form an oxide
What is the charge on SO4?
2-
Group 2 elements always have an oxidation state of?
+2
What is the mnemonic for remembering ‘usually rules’?
Faries Hate Orange Clovers
What is disproportionation?
when the same element is oxidised and reduced
CN + HALOGENOALKANE reacts to make
nitrile
What are the conditions for the elimination of a haloalkene?
KOH ethanolic
Why are TMS peaks easy to detect?
TMS has one carbon environment but there are four carbons in the environment so it produces one high-intensity peak, making et easy to detect.
Where does the TMS peak appear in NMR and why?
Further to the right because the carbons have more electron density as they are close to a low electronegativity Si
Why is it easy to remove TMS from a sample?
TMS is very volatile / has a low boiling point
What makes TMS a good universal NMR standard?
Non-reactive, Volatile/low boiling point/ non-toxic, one carbon environment, doesn’t react with other peaks
Which type of NMR is simpler?
H NMR
What scale is used for recording chemical shift?
δ
What does chemical shift depend on?
The molecular environment
How are H NMR Sample obtained?
Using samples dissolved in deuterated solvents or CCl4
What is the n+1 rule?
Splitting is equal to the number or neighboring non equivalent hydrogens plus one. Excluding hydrogens bonded to hydrogen or oxygen.
Hydrogens bonded to O or N result in?
No splitting and the peaks do not split themselves
H NMR uses which standard?
TMS
Components travel faster through the column in chromatography when….
They have lower retention in the stationary phase and higher solubility in the moving phase
In gas and column chromatography? is measured.
Retention time
Compared to similar-sized molecules amino acids have a ? boiling point?
much higher
How do amino acids appear in neutral conditions?
Zwitterions
Are amino acids soluble in water?
yes
TLC plates are usually coated in?
silical gel
What forms the secondary structure of a protein?
interactions between peptide links
Which forces arise in the tertiary structure of a protein?
ionic interactions, hydrogen bonding, covalent (disulfide)
What is the polymer of chloroethene?
poly(chloroethENE)
How can a polymer be made more flexible?
use of plasticisers
How can a polymer be made more flexible?
use of plasticisers
What reactants for a condensation polymer?
diol and dicarboxylic acid
How are polyamides made?
diamine and dicarboxylic acid
What is teryline used for?
ship sails
What polyester must be remembered?
terylene`
Which polyamides must be remembered?
nylon 6,6 and kevlar (benzene)
Which polymers are biodegradable? Which are not?
Condensation are addition are not
Why are some polymers biodegradable
carbonyl group is polar so can reacct with nucleophiles such as water to break it down
Describe the action of cisplatin
ligand substitution Cl for water then binds to N of guanine
What is the overall reaction for an acyl chloride and benzene?
C6H6+RCOCl=C6H5COR+HCl
What is the equation for the regeneration of the catalyst in friedel crafts?
AlCl- +H+ =AlCl3 + HCl
State the role of AlCl3 in the acylation of benzene?
catalyst
Name the reagents required for the nitration of benzene
CONC H2SO4 AND CONC HNO3
Write the overall equation for the preparation of nitrobenzene from benzene
benzene + HNO3 reacts to make nitrobenzene and water
Why do carboxylic acids have high melting points?
they are able to form dimers
Which ion does butanoic acid form?
butanoate ion
Carboxylic acids ionise to form?
carboxylate ions with the -oate ion suffix rather than -oic acid
What are the conditions for the formation of an ester?
heat and strong acid e.g. H2SO4
How is soap made?
Boiling an ester obtained from natural sources for several hours with concentrated NaOH
How is biodieselmade?
Heating esters previously used in food preparation with methanol for many hours
Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides both
react with water
EXCESS Ammonia + ethanoyl chloride reacts to make?
amide + ammonium chlorde
A larger difference in theoretical and experimental lattice enthalpies means
more covalent character
more polarisation
The perfect ionic model assumes that
all ions are spherical and all bonding is 100% ionic
How does silicon dioxide react with hot concentrated sodium hydroxide?
SiO2+2NaOH=Na2SiO3+H20`
Phosphorus 5 reacts with?
bases and water
How does phospohorous oxide react with potassium hydroxide?
P4O10+12KOH=4K3PO4+6h20
P4010 AND SO3 both react vigourously with so they do not react directly with bases
water
When oxides of sulfur react with bases the by product is?
one molecule of water
What is the standard state of sulfer trioxide and sulfur dioixide
so2 is gas
so3 is liquid
Alkene + Water is what type of reaction?
reversible
What are the conditions for the hydration of ethene?
300 degrees celcius, conc phosphoric acid catalyst 6000kPa
What are the conditions for the fermentation
25-40 degrees celcius, anaerobic
What does carbon neutral mean?
no overall carbon emission into the atmosphere
