Organic Flashcards
(173 cards)
1
Q
Carbon atoms can be arranged in
A
Straight chain
Branched chain
Rings
2
Q
Simplest homologous series is
A
Alkanes
3
Q
General formula of alkanes
A
CnH2n+2
4
Q
Catenation
A
Form bonds with itself multiple times
5
Q
Homologous series definition
A
Series of compounds of similar structure in which each member differs by a common repeating unit e.g CH2
- same general formula
- same functional groups
- differ by CH2
- similar chem properties but different physical
6
Q
Root of name is
A
N. Carbon atoms in longest continuous chain
7
Q
Prefix of name is
A
Before root and shows the position and identifies branch
8
Q
Suffix of name is
A
Added after root indicating functional group
9
Q
What is CH3 side chain refered to as
A
Methyl
10
Q
What is CH3CH2 side chain refered to as
A
Ethyl
11
Q
What is CH3CH2CH2 side chain refered to as
A
Propyl
12
Q
Alkyl general formula
A
CnH2n+1
13
Q
Make sure to order the prefixes in _____ order
A
Alphabetical
14
Q
Each side chain is given its own ____
A
Number / locant
15
Q
If a group occurs more than once then a ___ is used on start of prefix e.g___
A
Multiplier
Di
Tetra
Tri
E.g 2,3-dimethyl…
16
Q
Name each part of this name 3,4-dimethylpentan-2-ol
A
Locant: 3,4
Multiplier: di
Prefix: methyl
Root: pentan
Locant: 2
Suffix: ol
17
Q
General formula definition
A
Represents all members of homologous series e.g CnH2n
18
Q
Alkyne general formula
A
CnH2n-2
19
Q
Molecular formula definition
A
Shows actual number of atoms of each element in 1 molecule e.g C4H10
20
Q
Empirical formula definition
A
Simplest whole number ratio of atoms of elements in compounds
21
Q
Structural formula definition
A
Minimal detail which atoms or groups of atoms are attached to eachother in one molecule of a compound e.g CH3CH2CH2CH3
22
Q
Displayed formula definition
A
Shows all atoms and bonds between them in one molecule of a compound
23
Q
Functional group definition
A
Group of atoms which gives an organic compound its characteristic properties and reactions
24
Q
What is carboxylic acid functional group
A
C doubled bond to an O and single bonded to an OH
25
alkenes functional group
C double bond C
26
Alkyne functional group
C triple bond C
27
Halogenoalkanes functional group
C—X (halogen)
28
Amine functional group
N single bonded to 2 Hydrogens
29
Nitrile functional group
C triple bond N
30
Alcohol functional group
O—H
31
Ether functional group
C—O—C
32
Aldehyde functional group
C double bond O and single bond H
33
Ketone functional group
C single bonded to 2 Carbons and double bonded to an oxygen
34
Ester functional group
Look in book
35
Acyl chloride functional group
Look in book
36
Amide functional group
Look in book
37
Nitro functional group
Look in book
38
Sulphonic acid functional group
Look in book
39
Skeletal formula definition
Shows simplified organic structure by leaving C-H skeleton and drawing on functional groups..
40
Ending of a ketone
One
41
Suffix of aldehyde
Al
42
Suffix of Carboxylic acid
Oic acid
43
Suffix of acyl chloride
Oyl chloride
44
Suffix of amide
Amide
45
Suffix of ester
yl oate
46
Suffix of nitrile
Nitrile
47
Suffix of sulphonic acid
Sulphonic acid
48
Suffix of ether
Oxy ane
49
define isomer
molecules with same molecular formula whose atoms are arranged differently
50
define structural isomer
isomers that have same molecular formula but different structural formula
51
define stereoisomer
molecules with same structural formula but a different spatial arrangement of atoms
52
what are the 2 classifications of isomer
stereoisomer and structural isomer
53
what are the 3 classifications of structural isomer
position isomer
chain isomer
functional group isomer
54
what are the 2 classifications of stereoisomers
geometric isomer
optical isomer
55
what is a chain isomer
type of structural isomer
change in arrangement of carbon chain
similar chemical properties
differing physical isomer
more branching=lower BP
56
what is a position isomer
same carbon skeleton
same functional group
functional group in different position
similar chemical properties
differing physical properties
57
what is a functional group isomer
same molecular formula
different functional group
different chem properties
different physical properties
58
what functional groups are functional group isomers of each other
alcohols and ethers
aldehydes and ketones
carboxylic acids and esters
alkenes and cycloalkanes
59
do C-C bonds have free rotation
yes
59
do C=C bonds have free rotation
no
60
do C=C bonds have free rotation
no
61
what type of isomers are E/Z
geometric stereoisomers
62
difference between E/Z isomers
E= highest atomic number of first attached atoms opposite
Z=highest values same side/together
63
define redox
reaction involving reduction and oxidation
64
define addition reaction
a reaction in which 2 molecules are added together to form a single product
65
define substitution reaction
a reaction in which 1 atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms
66
define elimination
a reaction that produces an unsaturated product by loss of atoms or groups of atoms from adjacent carbons
67
define hydrolysis
a reaction in which a compound splits apart in a reaction involving water
68
define addition polymerisation
an addition reaction in which small molecules (monomers) are joined together forming a giant molecule (polymer)
69
define free radical
species with an unpaired electron
70
define homolytic fission
if a covalent bond breaks homolytically then each atom keeps one electron
71
define heterolytic fission
one atom takes both of the electrons from the covalent bond
72
define nucleophile
electron pair doners
negative ions or molecules with a lone pair of electrons that attack positive ions/centres
73
define electrophile
electron pair acceptors
positive ions/molecules with a avacant orbital that attack negative ions/centres.
74
outline order of fuels produced from fractional distillation from low to high temp
refinery/fuel gases 20
petrol/gasoline 40
naptha 110
kerosene 180
diesel oil 250
fuel oil 300
lubricating oils 300
bitumen
75
in fractional distillation what does the BP depend on
size of molecules as larger= more electrons= stronger london forces
76
in fractional distillation what does separation of crude oil depend on
boiling point
77
temperature of the fractionating column --------- downwards
increases
78
small molecules condense at the ------ of the fractionating column
top (lower T)
79
define cracking
conversion of large hydrocarbons to smaller molecules by breakage of C-C bonds
80
define reforming
turns straight chain alkanes into branched and cyclic alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons which burn more cleanly and are used to gives fuels a higher octane number
81
3 economic reasons for catalytic cracking
- petroleum fractions with shorter C chains have higher demand (e.g petrol & naptha)
-makes use of longer chain HCs
-products are more usefu and valuable than starting materials. smaller alkanes used for motor fuels
82
what type of process is cracking
chemical- breaks C-C strong covalent bonds
83
what type of process is fractional distillation
physical- splitting of weak london forces between molecules
84
define fuel
releases heat energy when burnt
85
is combustion of alkanes exo or endo
exothermic
86
when do alkanes complete combust
excess oxygen is present
87
products of complete combustion
only CO2 and H2O
88
when do alkanes incomplete combust
limited amount of oxygen
89
what are the products of incomplete combustion
CO and/or C and H2O
90
what releases more energy, CC or IC
complete combustion
91
what are the issues associated with carbon as a IC product
carbon (soot) particulates can cause global dimming/ reflection of sunlight
92
what are the issues associated with carbon monoxide as a IC product
highly toxic but odourless gas, binds with haemoglobin in RBC which reduces oxygen intake
93
how is sulphur dioxide a pollutant from combustion
sulphur containing impurities are found in petroleum fractions which produce SO2 when burned
S + O2→SO2
CH3SH+CO2→SO2+CO2+2H2O
94
why is SO2 a pollutant/bad
SO2 is acidic and will dissolve in atmospheric water and can produce acid rain
95
describe how are nitrogen oxides a pollutant in combustion
from reaction between N2 & O2 in car engine
96
explain how nitrogen oxides a pollutant in combustion
increase in T and spark in engine provides sufficient energy to break strong N2 bond
N2 + O2→2NO
N2 + 2O2→ 2NO2
97
why is NOx a pollutant/bad
NO= toxic and can form photochemical smog
NO2= toxic and acidic (can form acid rain)
98
purpose of catalytic converters
remove CO, NOx, and unburned hydrocarbons from exhaust
99
equation of reaction between CO and NO in a catalytic converter
2CO + 2NO→2CO2 + N2
100
equation of reaction between unburned HC (e.g octane) and NO
C8H18 + 25NO→8CO2 + 12.5N2 + 9H2O
101
catalyst used in catalytic converters
precious metals, platinum, palladium, rhodium
102
structure of catalytic converter
ceramic honeycomb coated with a thin layer of catalyst metals, large SA
103
what source do most FFs come from
crude oil
104
why is crude oil bad
non renewable
pollution
105
2 examples of biofuels
alcohols and biodiesel
106
why are biofuels good, 5 reasons
-renewable
-more carbon neutral
-reduce FF usage
-allow FFs to be used as feedstock for org compounds
-no risk of large scale pollution
107
why are biofuels bad, 4 reasons
-less food crops may be grown
-land not used to grow crops
-rainforests cut down to provide land
-shortage of fertile soils
108
what product does homolytic fission produce
2 free radicals
109
what is a free radical
species with an unpaired electron
110
what product does heterolytic fission produce
ions
111
most organic reactions occur via ________ fission
heterolytic
112
what are 3 steps of free radical substitution
initiation
propogation
termination
113
overall reaction equation for free radical substitution of methane and chlorine
CH4 + Cl2→CH3Cl + HCl
114
what are the conditions needed for intiation in FRS
UV light
115
why is UV light needed in intiation
supplies energy to break Cl-Cl bond
116
why is _____ bond broken in initiation
Cl-Cl is broken in preference to others as it is the weakest bc bond is longer as Cl is larger than H
117
what does initiation form/ is characterised by
forms free radical from non free radical
118
what is the method of bond breaking in initiation in FRS
homolytic fission
119
what is step 1 within propogation in FRS
Cl free radical (formed in initiation) is very reactive and reacts with other species to form another free radical. reacts with H on methane to form methyl free radical
120
what is step 2 within propogation in FRS
methyl free radical (or other e.g ethyl) reacts with a Cl2 molecule (not all were broken in initiation) to produce main product and a Cl free radical. causes chain reaction
121
how can you recognise a propogation reaction
free radical in reactants and products
122
what occurs in termination
2 free radicals collide and do not generate further free radicals, chain is terminated
123
what are the 3 possible termination reactions
*CH3 + *CH3→CH3-CH3
*Cl + *CH3→ CH3-Cl
*Cl + *Cl→ Cl2
124
free radical substitution equation of methane and chlorine
Cl2 + CH4--> CH3Cl + HCl
125
do alkanes or alkenes have a higher Mp and Bp
alkanes
126
increasing carbon chain length _____ BP
increases
127
increasing number of atoms _____ BP
increases (london forces), increasing IMFs increases energy required to separate molecule, which increases BP
128
increasing branching ______ BP
decreases
129
are alkenes soluble in water
no, they are non-polar so immiscible in water
130
reagent and conditions for prep of alkenes from halogenoalkanes (elimination)
conc sodium or potassium hydroxide
heat under reflux in anhydrous ALCOHOLIC SOLUTION
131
reagent and conditions for prep of alkenes from alcohols (dehydration)
conc sulphuric acid or phosphoric acid
heat under reflux
132
difference between halogenoalkaes and halogenoarenes
in halogenoalkanes the halogen is attached to aliphatic skeleton whereas in halogenoarenes it is attached to aromatic skeleton
133
mechanism to form halogenoalkanes from alkanes
free radical substitution
134
mechanism to form halogenoalkanes from alkenes
electrophillic addition
135
mechanism to form halogenoalkanes from alcohols
nucleophillic substitution
136
enthalpy/strength of bonds (x) _____ down group
decreases, bond length increases down group due to increasing atomic radius. therefore halogenoalkanes reactivity increases down group
137
halogenoalkanes reactivity __________down group
increases
138
what attacks halogenoalkanes
free radicals and nucleophiles (attacks the polar C-X bond)
139
why don't electrophiles attack HA
bonds in HA are single, not electron rich and electrophiles are electron pair acceptors
140
what are the reagents and conditions of reacting aq alkali with HA
sodium or potassium hydroxide
heat under reflux in AQUEOUS SOLUTION
140
what are the reagents and conditions of reacting aq alkali with HA
sodium or potassium hydroxide
heat under reflux in AQUEOUS SOLUTION
141
what is the mechanism of reacting aq alkali with HA
nucleophilic substitution
142
what is the product of reacting aq alkali with HA via nucleophilic substitution
alcohol
143
what is the nucleophile of reacting aq alkali with HA via nucleophilic substitution
OH- or water
143
what is the mechanism of hydrolysis with water of HA
nucleophilic substitution
143
what is the product of nucleophilic substitution, hydrolysing with water
alcohols
144
what happens when aq silver nitrate is shaken with a HA
they are immiscible so the displaced halide combines with a silver ion to form a precipitate
AgCl- white precipitate
AgBr- cream precipitate
AgI- yellow precipitate (fastest due to lower bond enthalpy of C-X therefore more reactive)
145
what is the product from reacting HA with cyanide
nitrile
146
what are the reagents and conditions for reacting cyanide and HA
potassium or sodium cyanide
heat under reflux in aq alcoholic solution
147
what is the nucleophile when reacting sodium cyanide with HA
cyanide ion
148
what is the importance of the reaction between cyanide and HA
extends the carbon chain by one carbon atom, nitriles can undergo hydrolysis and reduction (useful)
149
what is the mechanism of reacting cyanide and HA
nucleophilic substitution
150
is nucleophilic substitution heterolytic or homolytic bond breaking
heterolytic
151
what is the product from reacting ammonia with HA
amine
152
what are the reagents and conditions of reacting ammonia with HA
ammonia in excess (to ensure a salt isn't formed
153
what are the reagents and conditions of reacting ammonia with HA
ammonia in excess (to ensure a salt isn't formed but an amine)
conc sol of ammonia in ethanol, heat under pressure in a sealed tube
154
what is the nucleophile in reacting excess ammonia with HA
:NH3
155
what is the mechanism of reacting HA with ammonia
nucleophilic substitution
156
what is the problem with amines as a product from the reaction between ammonia and HA
amines are nucleophiles (lone pair on N) therefore can attack another molecule of HA forming a 2* amine, this is also a nucleophile so can react again to for 3* ... eventually producing a ionic quaternary ammonium salt
157
what is (CH3CH2)2NH
diethylamine, a 2* amine
158
elimination always forms _____ products than reagents
more
159
elimination produces ______
alkenes
160
what makes elimination occur vs substitution
the solvent, aq=substitution, alc=elimination
161
in elimination (alc) what is the role of the OH-
base
162
explain the role of OH during elimination in alc sol
OH- attacks one of the hydrogen atoms on a carbon atom adjacent to the carbon bonded to the halogen. OH- acts as a base (proton acceptor)
163
both elimination and ________ ____ occur at the same time but varying the ______ can influence which ______ dominates
substitution
can
solvent
mechanism
164
product of 1-chlorobutane with KOH (aq)
butan-1-ol and KCl
165
product of 1-chlorobutane with KOH (alc)
but-1-ene KCl
166
what is the product from reaction between HA and sodium/potassium hydroxide in alc conditions
alkenes as elimination occurs
167
what is the mechanisim in the reaction between HA and sodium/potassium hydroxide in alc conditions
elimination
168
what are the reagents and conditions in the eliminationreaction between HA and sodium/potassium hydroxide
conc potassium/sodium hydroxide
heat under reflux in 'dry' anhydrous condiitons ALCOHOLIC solution
169
with ________ HA _______ products can form
unsymmetrical
multiple
