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Organic Flashcards

1
Q

Carbon atoms can be arranged in

A

Straight chain
Branched chain
Rings

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2
Q

Simplest homologous series is

A

Alkanes

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3
Q

General formula of alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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4
Q

Catenation

A

Form bonds with itself multiple times

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5
Q

Homologous series definition

A

Series of compounds of similar structure in which each member differs by a common repeating unit e.g CH2
- same general formula
- same functional groups
- differ by CH2
- similar chem properties but different physical

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6
Q

Root of name is

A

N. Carbon atoms in longest continuous chain

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7
Q

Prefix of name is

A

Before root and shows the position and identifies branch

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8
Q

Suffix of name is

A

Added after root indicating functional group

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9
Q

What is CH3 side chain refered to as

A

Methyl

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10
Q

What is CH3CH2 side chain refered to as

A

Ethyl

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11
Q

What is CH3CH2CH2 side chain refered to as

A

Propyl

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12
Q

Alkyl general formula

A

CnH2n+1

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13
Q

Make sure to order the prefixes in _____ order

A

Alphabetical

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14
Q

Each side chain is given its own ____

A

Number / locant

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15
Q

If a group occurs more than once then a ___ is used on start of prefix e.g___

A

Multiplier
Di
Tetra
Tri
E.g 2,3-dimethyl…

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16
Q

Name each part of this name 3,4-dimethylpentan-2-ol

A

Locant: 3,4
Multiplier: di
Prefix: methyl
Root: pentan
Locant: 2
Suffix: ol

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17
Q

General formula definition

A

Represents all members of homologous series e.g CnH2n

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18
Q

Alkyne general formula

A

CnH2n-2

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19
Q

Molecular formula definition

A

Shows actual number of atoms of each element in 1 molecule e.g C4H10

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20
Q

Empirical formula definition

A

Simplest whole number ratio of atoms of elements in compounds

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21
Q

Structural formula definition

A

Minimal detail which atoms or groups of atoms are attached to eachother in one molecule of a compound e.g CH3CH2CH2CH3

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22
Q

Displayed formula definition

A

Shows all atoms and bonds between them in one molecule of a compound

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23
Q

Functional group definition

A

Group of atoms which gives an organic compound its characteristic properties and reactions

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24
Q

What is carboxylic acid functional group

A

C doubled bond to an O and single bonded to an OH

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25
Q

alkenes functional group

A

C double bond C

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26
Q

Alkyne functional group

A

C triple bond C

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27
Q

Halogenoalkanes functional group

A

C—X (halogen)

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28
Q

Amine functional group

A

N single bonded to 2 Hydrogens

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29
Q

Nitrile functional group

A

C triple bond N

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30
Q

Alcohol functional group

A

O—H

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31
Q

Ether functional group

A

C—O—C

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32
Q

Aldehyde functional group

A

C double bond O and single bond H

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33
Q

Ketone functional group

A

C single bonded to 2 Carbons and double bonded to an oxygen

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34
Q

Ester functional group

A

Look in book

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35
Q

Acyl chloride functional group

A

Look in book

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36
Q

Amide functional group

A

Look in book

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37
Q

Nitro functional group

A

Look in book

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38
Q

Sulphonic acid functional group

A

Look in book

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39
Q

Skeletal formula definition

A

Shows simplified organic structure by leaving C-H skeleton and drawing on functional groups..

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40
Q

Ending of a ketone

A

One

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41
Q

Suffix of aldehyde

A

Al

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42
Q

Suffix of Carboxylic acid

A

Oic acid

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43
Q

Suffix of acyl chloride

A

Oyl chloride

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44
Q

Suffix of amide

A

Amide

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45
Q

Suffix of ester

A

yl oate

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46
Q

Suffix of nitrile

A

Nitrile

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47
Q

Suffix of sulphonic acid

A

Sulphonic acid

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48
Q

Suffix of ether

A

Oxy ane

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49
Q

define isomer

A

molecules with same molecular formula whose atoms are arranged differently

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50
Q

define structural isomer

A

isomers that have same molecular formula but different structural formula

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51
Q

define stereoisomer

A

molecules with same structural formula but a different spatial arrangement of atoms

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52
Q

what are the 2 classifications of isomer

A

stereoisomer and structural isomer

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53
Q

what are the 3 classifications of structural isomer

A

position isomer
chain isomer
functional group isomer

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54
Q

what are the 2 classifications of stereoisomers

A

geometric isomer
optical isomer

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55
Q

what is a chain isomer

A

type of structural isomer
change in arrangement of carbon chain
similar chemical properties
differing physical isomer
more branching=lower BP

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56
Q

what is a position isomer

A

same carbon skeleton
same functional group
functional group in different position
similar chemical properties
differing physical properties

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57
Q

what is a functional group isomer

A

same molecular formula
different functional group
different chem properties
different physical properties

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58
Q

what functional groups are functional group isomers of each other

A

alcohols and ethers
aldehydes and ketones
carboxylic acids and esters
alkenes and cycloalkanes

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59
Q

do C-C bonds have free rotation

A

yes

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59
Q

do C=C bonds have free rotation

A

no

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60
Q

do C=C bonds have free rotation

A

no

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61
Q

what type of isomers are E/Z

A

geometric stereoisomers

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62
Q

difference between E/Z isomers

A

E= highest atomic number of first attached atoms opposite
Z=highest values same side/together

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63
Q

define redox

A

reaction involving reduction and oxidation

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64
Q

define addition reaction

A

a reaction in which 2 molecules are added together to form a single product

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65
Q

define substitution reaction

A

a reaction in which 1 atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms

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66
Q

define elimination

A

a reaction that produces an unsaturated product by loss of atoms or groups of atoms from adjacent carbons

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67
Q

define hydrolysis

A

a reaction in which a compound splits apart in a reaction involving water

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68
Q

define addition polymerisation

A

an addition reaction in which small molecules (monomers) are joined together forming a giant molecule (polymer)

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69
Q

define free radical

A

species with an unpaired electron

70
Q

define homolytic fission

A

if a covalent bond breaks homolytically then each atom keeps one electron

71
Q

define heterolytic fission

A

one atom takes both of the electrons from the covalent bond

72
Q

define nucleophile

A

electron pair doners
negative ions or molecules with a lone pair of electrons that attack positive ions/centres

73
Q

define electrophile

A

electron pair acceptors
positive ions/molecules with a avacant orbital that attack negative ions/centres.

74
Q

outline order of fuels produced from fractional distillation from low to high temp

A

refinery/fuel gases 20
petrol/gasoline 40
naptha 110
kerosene 180
diesel oil 250
fuel oil 300
lubricating oils 300
bitumen

75
Q

in fractional distillation what does the BP depend on

A

size of molecules as larger= more electrons= stronger london forces

76
Q

in fractional distillation what does separation of crude oil depend on

A

boiling point

77
Q

temperature of the fractionating column ——— downwards

78
Q

small molecules condense at the —— of the fractionating column

A

top (lower T)

79
Q

define cracking

A

conversion of large hydrocarbons to smaller molecules by breakage of C-C bonds

80
Q

define reforming

A

turns straight chain alkanes into branched and cyclic alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons which burn more cleanly and are used to gives fuels a higher octane number

81
Q

3 economic reasons for catalytic cracking

A
  • petroleum fractions with shorter C chains have higher demand (e.g petrol & naptha)
    -makes use of longer chain HCs
    -products are more usefu and valuable than starting materials. smaller alkanes used for motor fuels
82
Q

what type of process is cracking

A

chemical- breaks C-C strong covalent bonds

83
Q

what type of process is fractional distillation

A

physical- splitting of weak london forces between molecules

84
Q

define fuel

A

releases heat energy when burnt

85
Q

is combustion of alkanes exo or endo

A

exothermic

86
Q

when do alkanes complete combust

A

excess oxygen is present

87
Q

products of complete combustion

A

only CO2 and H2O

88
Q

when do alkanes incomplete combust

A

limited amount of oxygen

89
Q

what are the products of incomplete combustion

A

CO and/or C and H2O

90
Q

what releases more energy, CC or IC

A

complete combustion

91
Q

what are the issues associated with carbon as a IC product

A

carbon (soot) particulates can cause global dimming/ reflection of sunlight

92
Q

what are the issues associated with carbon monoxide as a IC product

A

highly toxic but odourless gas, binds with haemoglobin in RBC which reduces oxygen intake

93
Q

how is sulphur dioxide a pollutant from combustion

A

sulphur containing impurities are found in petroleum fractions which produce SO2 when burned
S + O2→SO2
CH3SH+CO2→SO2+CO2+2H2O

94
Q

why is SO2 a pollutant/bad

A

SO2 is acidic and will dissolve in atmospheric water and can produce acid rain

95
Q

describe how are nitrogen oxides a pollutant in combustion

A

from reaction between N2 & O2 in car engine

96
Q

explain how nitrogen oxides a pollutant in combustion

A

increase in T and spark in engine provides sufficient energy to break strong N2 bond
N2 + O2→2NO
N2 + 2O2→ 2NO2

97
Q

why is NOx a pollutant/bad

A

NO= toxic and can form photochemical smog
NO2= toxic and acidic (can form acid rain)

98
Q

purpose of catalytic converters

A

remove CO, NOx, and unburned hydrocarbons from exhaust

99
Q

equation of reaction between CO and NO in a catalytic converter

A

2CO + 2NO→2CO2 + N2

100
Q

equation of reaction between unburned HC (e.g octane) and NO

A

C8H18 + 25NO→8CO2 + 12.5N2 + 9H2O

101
Q

catalyst used in catalytic converters

A

precious metals, platinum, palladium, rhodium

102
Q

structure of catalytic converter

A

ceramic honeycomb coated with a thin layer of catalyst metals, large SA

103
Q

what source do most FFs come from

104
Q

why is crude oil bad

A

non renewable
pollution

105
Q

2 examples of biofuels

A

alcohols and biodiesel

106
Q

why are biofuels good, 5 reasons

A

-renewable
-more carbon neutral
-reduce FF usage
-allow FFs to be used as feedstock for org compounds
-no risk of large scale pollution

107
Q

why are biofuels bad, 4 reasons

A

-less food crops may be grown
-land not used to grow crops
-rainforests cut down to provide land
-shortage of fertile soils

108
Q

what product does homolytic fission produce

A

2 free radicals

109
Q

what is a free radical

A

species with an unpaired electron

110
Q

what product does heterolytic fission produce

111
Q

most organic reactions occur via ________ fission

A

heterolytic

112
Q

what are 3 steps of free radical substitution

A

initiation
propogation
termination

113
Q

overall reaction equation for free radical substitution of methane and chlorine

A

CH4 + Cl2→CH3Cl + HCl

114
Q

what are the conditions needed for intiation in FRS

115
Q

why is UV light needed in intiation

A

supplies energy to break Cl-Cl bond

116
Q

why is _____ bond broken in initiation

A

Cl-Cl is broken in preference to others as it is the weakest bc bond is longer as Cl is larger than H

117
Q

what does initiation form/ is characterised by

A

forms free radical from non free radical

118
Q

what is the method of bond breaking in initiation in FRS

A

homolytic fission

119
Q

what is step 1 within propogation in FRS

A

Cl free radical (formed in initiation) is very reactive and reacts with other species to form another free radical. reacts with H on methane to form methyl free radical

120
Q

what is step 2 within propogation in FRS

A

methyl free radical (or other e.g ethyl) reacts with a Cl2 molecule (not all were broken in initiation) to produce main product and a Cl free radical. causes chain reaction

121
Q

how can you recognise a propogation reaction

A

free radical in reactants and products

122
Q

what occurs in termination

A

2 free radicals collide and do not generate further free radicals, chain is terminated

123
Q

what are the 3 possible termination reactions

A

*CH3 + *CH3→CH3-CH3
*Cl + *CH3→ CH3-Cl
*Cl + *Cl→ Cl2

124
Q

free radical substitution equation of methane and chlorine

A

Cl2 + CH4–> CH3Cl + HCl

125
Q

do alkanes or alkenes have a higher Mp and Bp

126
Q

increasing carbon chain length _____ BP

127
Q

increasing number of atoms _____ BP

A

increases (london forces), increasing IMFs increases energy required to separate molecule, which increases BP

128
Q

increasing branching ______ BP

129
Q

are alkenes soluble in water

A

no, they are non-polar so immiscible in water

130
Q

reagent and conditions for prep of alkenes from halogenoalkanes (elimination)

A

conc sodium or potassium hydroxide
heat under reflux in anhydrous ALCOHOLIC SOLUTION

131
Q

reagent and conditions for prep of alkenes from alcohols (dehydration)

A

conc sulphuric acid or phosphoric acid
heat under reflux

132
Q

difference between halogenoalkaes and halogenoarenes

A

in halogenoalkanes the halogen is attached to aliphatic skeleton whereas in halogenoarenes it is attached to aromatic skeleton

133
Q

mechanism to form halogenoalkanes from alkanes

A

free radical substitution

134
Q

mechanism to form halogenoalkanes from alkenes

A

electrophillic addition

135
Q

mechanism to form halogenoalkanes from alcohols

A

nucleophillic substitution

136
Q

enthalpy/strength of bonds (x) _____ down group

A

decreases, bond length increases down group due to increasing atomic radius. therefore halogenoalkanes reactivity increases down group

137
Q

halogenoalkanes reactivity __________down group

138
Q

what attacks halogenoalkanes

A

free radicals and nucleophiles (attacks the polar C-X bond)

139
Q

why don’t electrophiles attack HA

A

bonds in HA are single, not electron rich and electrophiles are electron pair acceptors

140
Q

what are the reagents and conditions of reacting aq alkali with HA

A

sodium or potassium hydroxide
heat under reflux in AQUEOUS SOLUTION

140
Q

what are the reagents and conditions of reacting aq alkali with HA

A

sodium or potassium hydroxide
heat under reflux in AQUEOUS SOLUTION

141
Q

what is the mechanism of reacting aq alkali with HA

A

nucleophilic substitution

142
Q

what is the product of reacting aq alkali with HA via nucleophilic substitution

143
Q

what is the nucleophile of reacting aq alkali with HA via nucleophilic substitution

A

OH- or water

143
Q

what is the mechanism of hydrolysis with water of HA

A

nucleophilic substitution

143
Q

what is the product of nucleophilic substitution, hydrolysing with water

144
Q

what happens when aq silver nitrate is shaken with a HA

A

they are immiscible so the displaced halide combines with a silver ion to form a precipitate
AgCl- white precipitate
AgBr- cream precipitate
AgI- yellow precipitate (fastest due to lower bond enthalpy of C-X therefore more reactive)

145
Q

what is the product from reacting HA with cyanide

146
Q

what are the reagents and conditions for reacting cyanide and HA

A

potassium or sodium cyanide
heat under reflux in aq alcoholic solution

147
Q

what is the nucleophile when reacting sodium cyanide with HA

A

cyanide ion

148
Q

what is the importance of the reaction between cyanide and HA

A

extends the carbon chain by one carbon atom, nitriles can undergo hydrolysis and reduction (useful)

149
Q

what is the mechanism of reacting cyanide and HA

A

nucleophilic substitution

150
Q

is nucleophilic substitution heterolytic or homolytic bond breaking

A

heterolytic

151
Q

what is the product from reacting ammonia with HA

152
Q

what are the reagents and conditions of reacting ammonia with HA

A

ammonia in excess (to ensure a salt isn’t formed

153
Q

what are the reagents and conditions of reacting ammonia with HA

A

ammonia in excess (to ensure a salt isn’t formed but an amine)
conc sol of ammonia in ethanol, heat under pressure in a sealed tube

154
Q

what is the nucleophile in reacting excess ammonia with HA

155
Q

what is the mechanism of reacting HA with ammonia

A

nucleophilic substitution

156
Q

what is the problem with amines as a product from the reaction between ammonia and HA

A

amines are nucleophiles (lone pair on N) therefore can attack another molecule of HA forming a 2* amine, this is also a nucleophile so can react again to for 3* … eventually producing a ionic quaternary ammonium salt

157
Q

what is (CH3CH2)2NH

A

diethylamine, a 2* amine

158
Q

elimination always forms _____ products than reagents

159
Q

elimination produces ______

160
Q

what makes elimination occur vs substitution

A

the solvent, aq=substitution, alc=elimination

161
Q

in elimination (alc) what is the role of the OH-

162
Q

explain the role of OH during elimination in alc sol

A

OH- attacks one of the hydrogen atoms on a carbon atom adjacent to the carbon bonded to the halogen. OH- acts as a base (proton acceptor)

163
Q

both elimination and ________ ____ occur at the same time but varying the ______ can influence which ______ dominates

A

substitution
can
solvent
mechanism

164
Q

product of 1-chlorobutane with KOH (aq)

A

butan-1-ol and KCl

165
Q

product of 1-chlorobutane with KOH (alc)

A

but-1-ene KCl

166
Q

what is the product from reaction between HA and sodium/potassium hydroxide in alc conditions

A

alkenes as elimination occurs

167
Q

what is the mechanisim in the reaction between HA and sodium/potassium hydroxide in alc conditions

A

elimination

168
Q

what are the reagents and conditions in the eliminationreaction between HA and sodium/potassium hydroxide

A

conc potassium/sodium hydroxide
heat under reflux in ‘dry’ anhydrous condiitons ALCOHOLIC solution

169
Q

with ________ HA _______ products can form

A

unsymmetrical
multiple

chemistry (7 decks)

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