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Yr 11 CHEM > Organic > Flashcards

Organic Flashcards

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1
Q

Functional group

A

atom or a group of molecules in an organic molecule that largely determines the molecules properties and reaction

for example -COOH, -OH, -NH2

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2
Q

Homologous series

A

A series of compounds with similar properties and the same general formula, in which each member contains one CH2 unit more than the previous member.

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3
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

A compound that contains carbon and hydrogen only

for example: alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.

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4
Q

Structural isomer

A

A compound with the same molecular formula, but different structures

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5
Q

Alkanes

A
  • saturated hydrocarbon (only single bonds between carbons)
  • general formula CnH2n+2
  • Tetrahedral geometry
  • Burns in oxygen to produce CO2 and H2O
  • Does not decolourise bromine water
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6
Q

Alkenes

A
  • An unsaturated hydrocarbon (one or more double bond present between carbons)
  • general formula CnH2n
  • Planar geometry
  • Burns in oxygen to produce CO2 and H2O
  • Decolourise Bromine water (orange to colourless)
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7
Q

Alkynes

A
  • An unsaturated hydrocarbon (one or more triple bond present between carbons)
  • general formula CnH2n ‐ 2
  • Linear geometry
  • Burns in oxygen to produce CO2 and H2O
  • Does not decolour bromine water
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8
Q

functional groups naming priority

A

1) carboxylic acid
2) ester
3) amide
4) aldehyde
5) ketone
6) alchohol
7) amine
8) alkene
9) alkyne
10) alkane
11) haloalkanes

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9
Q

Solubility in Water

A
  • Small alcohols, amines, aldehydes, carboxylic acids and amides are able to form hydrogen bonds with water and therefore are soluble in water.
  • Water dissolves organic molecules by forming dipole‐dipole attractions and hydrogen bonds with them.
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10
Q

Complete Combustion

A
  • hydrocarbon + oxygen —–> carbon dioxide + water
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11
Q

Incomplete Combustion

A
  • hydrocarbon + oxygen —–> carbon monoxide + water

- hydrocarbon + oxygen —–> carbon + water

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12
Q

Substitution Reaction

A

(UV light)

- Alkane + halogen ————–> haloalkane + halogen halide

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13
Q

Substitution Reaction - Haloalkanes

A

The haloalkane react with the hydroxide ions (OH‐) to produce alcohols.

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14
Q

Addition of Alkenes – hydrogen halides

A
  • Hydrogen halides (HF, HCl, HBr, HI)

- ALKENE + HYDROGEN HALIDE —-> HALOALKANE

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15
Q

Addition of Alkenes – Hydrogenation

A

(Ni catalyst + 150°C)

ALKENE + HYDROGEN. —————————–> ALKANE

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16
Q

Addition of Alkenes – Steam

A

(H3PO4 catalyst + 300°C + 60-70 atm)

ALKENE + WATER ———————————> ALOHOL

17
Q

Production of Ethanol

A

(yeast catalyst)
C6H12O6 ———————-> 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH

uses : Solvent in perfumes, inks and glues, Fuel, To make esters (used in food flavourings) Alcoholic drinks

18
Q

Oxidation of Primary Alcohols

A

Primary alcohols are oxidised by a strong oxidising agent such as acidified permanganate (H+/MnO4-) or dichromate solution (H+/Cr2O7-2)

PARTIAL- ALDEHYDES
FULL- CARBOXILIC ACID

19
Q

Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols

A
  • oxidising agents: acidified permanganate (H+/MnO4-) or dichromate solution (H+/Cr2O7-2)
  • produce ketones
20
Q

Formation of Esters

A
  • Formed by reaction between Alkanol and Acid
  • condensation reaction (produces water).
  • More commonly referred to as an esterification reaction
  • Conditions require concentrated H2SO4
21
Q

Polymers

A

A “molecular chain” made up from many thousands of repeating units

22
Q

Thermoplastic

A

• Chains loosely tangled together • No cross links
• Low melting point
• Can be remoulded
eg - plastic bags / cling wrap

23
Q

Thermosetting

A 
• Cross links between chains 
• Much higher melting points 
• Cannot be remoulded
• Rigid and inflexible
 eg- kitchen bench coverings
24
Q

Elastomers

A

• Can be stretched or deformed
• Regain their shape
• Only a few cross links
eg- rubber

25
Q

LDPE

A

Low Density PolyEthene (LDPE) –> type of thermoplatic
• Formed under high temp and pressure
• Made of branched chains, that don’t fit together well ‐ AMORPHOUS
• Low melting point
• Soft and flexible
• Used to make carrier bags and Glad Wrap

26
Q

HDPE

A

High Density PolyEthene (HDPE)
• Formed using a catalyst at much lower temperatures.
• Chains are not branched
• They fit together much better
• More crystalline and less amorphous.
• Forms a harder substance, used to make wheelie bins, classroom chairs, milk bottles etc

Yr 11 CHEM (5 decks)

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