Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BSC 2010 Dennis > Organelles > Flashcards

Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

All organisms are made of ______

A

cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The cell is the ______ collection of matter 
that can live

A

simplest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cell structure is correlated to ______

A

function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

All cells are ______ by their descent from earlier cells

A

related

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Though usually too small to be seen by the unaided eye, cells can be _____

A

complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Scientists use ______ to visualize cells too small to see with the naked eye

A

microscopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The quality of an image depends on ____, ______, and _______

A

magnification, resolution, and contrast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The quality of an image depends on

A

magnification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

visible differences in parts of the sample

A

contrast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the measure of the clarity of the image, or the minimum distance of two distinguishable points

A

resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Resolution is _____ related to the wavelength used to visualize (Light, electron)

A

inversely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In a ____ microscope, visible light passes through a specimen and then through glass lenses, which magnify the image

A

light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

LMs can magnify effectively to about _____ times the size of the actual specimen

A

1,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Various techniques enhance ______ and enable cell components to be stained or labeled

A

contrast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Most subcellular structures, including organelles (membrane-enclosed compartments), are too _____ to be resolved by an LM

A

small

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Two basic types of electron microscopes (EMs) are used to study ______ structures

A

sub cellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) focus a beam of electrons ____ __ _______ of a specimen, providing images that look 3-D

A

onto the surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Surface covered with a film of ____ in SEMs

A

gold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) focus a beam of electrons ______ __ ________

A

through a specimen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

TEMs are used mainly to study the ____ structure of cells

A

internal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cell fractionation takes cells ____ and ______ the major organelles from one another

A

apart; separates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

________ separate organelles into their component parts

A

ultracentrifuge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cell fractionation enables scientists to determine the ______ of organelles

A

functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

_______ and ______ help correlate cell function with structure

A

biochemistry; cytology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The basic structural and functional unit of every organism is one of two types of cells: ______ or ________

A

eukaryotic; prokaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Only organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea consist of ________ cells

A

prokaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Protists, fungi, animals, and plants all consist of ________ cells

A

eukaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have

A

plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell

A

plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The general structure of a biological membrane is a _____ layer of phospholipids

A

double

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

semifluid interior substance

A

cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

carry genes

A

chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

make proteins

A

ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

No nucleus
DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid
No membrane-bound organelles
Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane

A

the basic characteristics of prokaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope
Membrane-bound organelles
Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus

A

the basic characteristics of eukaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

eukaryotic cells are generally much _____ than prokaryotic cells

A

larger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The surface area to volume ratio is ____ in a cell

A

critical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

As the surface area increases by a factor of n2, the ______ increases by a factor of n3

A

volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

small cells have a greater _____ ___ relative to large cells

A

surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane are all organelles of the _________ system

A

endomembrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Peroxisomes are all organelles of the ______ group

A

energy conversion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The nucleus contains most of the cell’s ____ and is usually the most conspicuous organelle

A

genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The nuclear envelope encloses the _____, separating it from the cytoplasm

A

nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The nuclear membrane is a _____ membrane; each membrane consists of a lipid bilayer

A

double

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Pores regulate the ____/_____ of molecules from the nucleus

A

entry/exit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

The shape of the nucleus is maintained by the nuclear _____, which is composed of protein filaments

A

lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

In the nucleus, DNA and proteins form genetic material called _____

A

chromatin

48
Q

Chromatin ________ to form discrete chromosomes

A

condenses

49
Q

The nucleolus is located within the nucleus and is the site of ________ ___synthesis

A

ribosomal RNA

50
Q

responsible for the conversion of genetic material to protein

A

ribosomes

51
Q

Ribosomes are particles made of _____ and _____

A

rRNA; protein

52
Q

In the cytosol, ____ ribosomes generally make proteins for use in the cytosol

A

free

53
Q

On the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope, ______ ribosomes generally make proteins for transport through a membrane

A

bound

54
Q

The _________ _______ accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells

A

endoplasmic reticulum

55
Q

The ER membrane is ______ with the nuclear envelope

A

continuous

56
Q

What are the 2 distinct regions of the ER?

A

rough ER and smooth ER

57
Q 
lacks ribosomes		
Synthesizes lipids
Metabolizes carbohydrates
Detoxifies poison
Stores calcium
A

smooth ER

58
Q

Has bound ribosomes, which secrete glycoproteins
Distributes transport vesicles, proteins surrounded by membranes
Is a membrane factory for the cell

A

rough ER

59
Q

proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates

A

glycoproteins

60
Q

The Golgi apparatus consists of flattened membranous sacs called _______

A

cisternae

61
Q

Modifies products of the ER
Manufactures certain macromolecules
Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

A

golgi apparatus

62
Q

A _______ is a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules

A

lysosome

63
Q

Lysosomal enzymes can hydrolyze

A

proteins
fats
polysaccharides
nucleic acids

64
Q

Some types of cell can engulf another cell by _________; this forms a food vacuole

A

phagocytosis

65
Q

A lysosome fuses with the ____ _____ and digests the molecules

A

food vacuole

66
Q

Lysosomes also use enzymes to recycle the cell’s own organelles and macromolecules, a process called ______

A

autophagy

67
Q

A plant cell or fungal cell may have one or several _______

A

vacuoles

68
Q

____ vacuoles are formed by phagocytosis

A

food

69
Q

_______ vacuoles, found in many freshwater protists, pump excess water out of cells

A

contractile

70
Q

_____ vacuoles, found in many mature plant cells, hold organic compounds and water

A

central

71
Q

Mitochondria are the sites of ______ ________, a metabolic process that generates ATP

A

cellular respiration

72
Q

Chloroplasts, found in plants and algae, are the sites of ________

A

photosynthesis

73
Q

Peroxisomes are _____ organelles

A

oxidative

74
Q

mitochondria and chloroplasts….

A

Are not part of the endomembrane system
Have a double membrane
Have proteins made by free ribosomes
Contain their own DNA

75
Q

_______ are nearly in all eukaryotic cells

A

mitochondria

76
Q

The inner membrane creates two compartments which are the

A

intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix

77
Q

Some metabolic steps of cellular respiration are catalyzed in the _______ _____

A

mitochondrial matrix

78
Q

Cristae present a large ______ ____ for enzymes that synthesize ATP

A

surface area

79
Q

The chloroplast is a member of a family of organelles called _____

A

plastids

80
Q

Chloroplasts contain the green pigment ________, as well as enzymes and other molecules that function in photosynthesis

A

chlorophyll

81
Q

Chloroplasts are found in leaves and other _____ organs of plants and in algae

A

green

82
Q

Chloroplast structure includes

A

thylakoids and stroma

83
Q

membranous sacs, stacked to form a granum

A

thylakoids

84
Q

the internal fluid

A

stroma

85
Q

_______ are specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane

A

peroxisomes

86
Q

is used to break down different types of molecules

A

oxygen

87
Q

Peroxisomes produce ______ ______

A

hydrogen peroxide

88
Q

Convert H2O2 (which is toxic) to

A

water

89
Q

The __________ is a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

A

cytoskeleton

90
Q

_________ organizes the cell’s structures and activities, anchoring many organelles

A

cytoskeleton

91
Q

What are the 3 types of structures that make up the cytoskeleton?

A

microtubules,microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

92
Q

the functions of ______ include Shaping the cell,
Guiding movement of organelles, and
Separating chromosomes during cell division

A

microtubules

93
Q

the thickest of the three components of the cytoskeleton

A

microtubules

94
Q

The ________ is a “microtubule-organizing center”

A

centrosome

95
Q

__________ control the beating of cilia and flagella, locomotor appendages of some cells

A

microtubules

96
Q

Cilia and flagella _____ in their beating patterns

A

differ

97
Q

A core of microtubules sheathed by the plasma membrane
A basal body that anchors the cilium or flagellum
A motor protein called dynein, which drives the bending movements of a cilium or flagellum

are all things ______ by cilia and flagella

A

shared

98
Q

_____ arms alternately grab, move, and release the outer microtubules

A

dynein

99
Q

also called actin filaments

the thinnest components

A

microfilaments

100
Q

The structural role of _______ is to bear tension, resisting pulling forces within the cell

A

microfilaments

101
Q

fibers with diameters in a middle range

They support cell shape and fix organelles in place

A

intermediate filaments

102
Q

The extracellular structures are _____, _____, and ______

A

Cell walls of plants
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal cells
Intercellular junctions

103
Q

distinguishes plant cells from animal cells

Prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists also have this

A

plant cell wall

104
Q

Protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water
Made of cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and protein

A

plant cell wall

105
Q

what are the 3 layers of plant cell walls?

A

primary, middle lamella, and secondary cell wall

106
Q

__________ are channels between adjacent plant cells

A

Plasmodesmata

107
Q

____ _____ lack cell walls but are covered by an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

animal cells

108
Q

ECM proteins bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called _____

A

integrins

109
Q

Functions of the ECM:

A

Support
Adhesion
Movement
Regulation

110
Q

Neighboring cells in tissues, organs, or organ systems often adhere, interact, and communicate through direct physical contact; _______ ______ facilitate this contact

A

Intercellular junctions

111
Q

plasmodesmata, tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap auctions are all types of _______ ______

A

intercellular junctions

112
Q

channels that perforate plant cell walls. Through these junctions, water and small solutes (and sometimes proteins and RNA) can pass from cell to cell

A

plasmodesmata

113
Q

membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid

A

tight junctions

114
Q

(anchoring junctions) fasten cells together into strong sheets

A

desmosomes

115
Q

(communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

A

gap junctions

BSC 2010 Dennis (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions