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Anatomy > Organelles > Flashcards

Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

The cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane

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2
Q

What is the cytoplasm composed of?

A

Cytosol: primarily water with dissolved solutes
Inclusions (vary cell to cell): Mucus, pigments like melanin, glycogen granules
Organelles: the machinery of the cell

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3
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

control center of cell

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4
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

DNA (genes & mRNA)

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5
Q

What is the nucleus surrounded by?

A

A double membrane (nuclear envelope - continuous with the rough ER)

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6
Q

What controls what enters/leaves the nucleus?

A

nuclear pores

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7
Q

What is chromatin and where is it found?

A

A complex of DNA + proteins (found when
the cell is not dividing)
the nucleus

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8
Q

What happens to chromatin when the cell begins to divide?

A

will condense into
chromosomes

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9
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Region where ribosomes are assembled

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10
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

powerhouse of the cell
site of cellular respiration

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11
Q

What type of membrane does the mitochondria have?

A

A double membrane (outer and inner)

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12
Q

What is cristae?

A

folds of inner membrane in mitochondria
contains enzymes for ATP
production
increased surface area to increase ATP made

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13
Q

What is the matrix of the mitochondria?

A

fluid-filled inner compartment

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14
Q

What type of cells have the most mitochondria?

A

liver and muscle cells

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15
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

protein synthesis

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16
Q

What are ribosomes composed of?

A

rRNA (ribosomal RNA) + protein

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of ribosomes? Describe them.

A

Free ribosomes: float in cytosol, produce proteins used within cell
Bound ribosomes: attached to ER, make proteins for export from
cell

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18
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Network of membranes and sacs that serves as a mini-circulatory system for the cell because of the
network of channels

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Rough and smooth

20
Q

What is the function of the rough ER?

A

package proteins for secretion
send transport vesicles
to Golgi
make replacement membrane

21
Q

What differentiates the rough and smooth ER?

A

The rough has ribosomes on its surface while the smooth does not

22
Q

What type of cells have the most rough ER and why?

A

Pancreatic cells due to the quantity of digestive
enzymes that are produced

23
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER?

A

synthesize lipids
metabolize carbs
detox drugs &
poisons
store Ca2+

24
Q

What type of cells have the most smooth ER?

A

Liver cells

25
Q

What are the series of flattened membrane sacs in the Golgi?

A

cisternae

26
Q

What is the function of the Golgi?

A

modify & package proteins for transport in
secretory vesicles that arrived from the rough ER
produce lysosomes
found close to the nucleus and is a ‘traffic director’ for
cellular proteins

27
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes

28
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Act as the demolition site for cells
digests worn-out cells structures as well as
foreign substances that enter the cell

29
Q

What type of cells have the most lysosomes?

A

Phagocytes (cells that
dispose of bacteria and cellular debris)

30
Q

Where are the enzymes in lysosomes formed and packaged?

A

formed by ribosomes and packaged by the Golgi

31
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Membrane-enclosed sacs containing powerful
oxidizing enzymes

32
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

break down fatty acids
detox alcohol
sse O2 to detoxify harmful or poisonous substances (alcohol or formaldehyde)
“disarm” dangerous free radicals
involves production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

33
Q

What can free radicals do?

A

have the potential to scramble the structure of
proteins and nucleic acids

34
Q

What type of cells have the most peroxisomes?

A

liver and kidney cells

35
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

Elaborate network of protein fibers that extends throughout
the cytoplasm

36
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

support, motility, and regulation of chemical
activities

37
Q

Name 3 type of cytoskeleton fibers

A

microtubules
intermediate filaments
microfilaments

38
Q

Describe microtubules

A

Largest fibers
Determine overall shape of cells
Track for organelle movement
Forms spindle for mitosis/meiosis
Component of cilia/flagella
Radiate from the cell center

39
Q

Describe intermediate filaments

A

Intermediate size
Strong and stable
Permanent fixtures
Maintain shape of cell by resisting tension placed on cell

40
Q

Describe microfilaments

A

Smallest fibers
Involved in cell motility (movement) and producing changes in cell shape
Eg. muscle cell contraction (actin and myosin microfilaments)

41
Q

What are centrioles/centrosomes?

A

Region from which microtubules grow

42
Q

What are 3 types of cell extensions?

A

cilia
flagella
microvilli

42
Q

What is the function of

A

Responsible
for spindle fiber
formation during cell
division

43
Q

What is cilia?

A

Whiplike extensions that moves substances along
the cell surface

44
Q

What is flagella?

A

Like cilia but longer
Usually only one per cell
Move the cell itself in wave-like fashion

45
Q

What is microvilli?

A

Tiny, fingerlike extension of the plasma membrane that project from exposed cell surface
Increase the cell surface area
Normally many on each cell
Found in cells whose primary job is in excretion and absorption

Anatomy (4 decks)

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