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Bio 110 > Organelles > Flashcards

Organelles Flashcards

1
Q
  • site of protein synthesis
  • 2 subunits: each w/ rRNA bound to protein molecules
A

Ribosomes

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2
Q

-largest organelle
-contains most of DNA
-site of DNA replication
-gene transcription is turned on or off here

A

Nucleus

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3
Q

-assembly of ribosomes

A

Nucleolus

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4
Q

-DNA combines with proteins to form ______ in long, thin threads called chromosomes

A

chromatin

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5
Q

-surrounds the nucleus
-double membrane
-nuclear pores control movement of molecules throughout
-outer membrane is continuous with endoplasmic reticulum

A

nuclear envelope

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6
Q

-interconnected system of membrane-enclosed compartments
-includes nucleus, ER, golgi apparatus, and vesicles

A

Endomembrane system

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7
Q

-tiny
-surrounded by membranes that shuttle substances between various components

A

vesicles

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8
Q

-network of membranes in the cytoplasm
-large surface area

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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9
Q

-network of membranes in cytoplasm
-ribosomes are attatched

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

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10
Q

-network of membranes in cytoplasm
-no ribosomes
-chemically modifies small molecules
-site of glycogen degradation in animal cells
-synthesis of lipids and steroids
-stores calcium ions

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

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11
Q

-flattened sacs (cisternae) and small vesicles
-receives proteins from RER
-modifies, concentrates, packages, and sorts proteins
-in plant cells, polysaccharides for cell walls are synthesized here

A

Golgi Apparatus

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12
Q

-energy in fuel molecules such as glucose is transformed to the bonds of energy-rich ATP (cellular respiration)
-cells that require lots of energy have many
-can reproduce and divide independently of central nucleus
-have 2 membranes
-inner membrans folds inward to form cristae
-matrix contains DNA and ribosomes to make proteins for cellular respiration

A

mitochondria

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13
Q
  • only in plants and some protists
    -class of small organelles such as chloroplasts
A

plastids

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14
Q

-site of photosynthesis
-double membrane
-can divide independently of nucleus
-inner membrane forms thylakoids that contain chlorophyll and pigments that harvest light energy

A

chloroplasts

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15
Q

-contain red, orange, and yellow pigment
-give flowers color

A

chromoplasts

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16
Q

stores starches and fats in plants

A

leucoplasts

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17
Q

-collect and breakdown toxic byproduct of metabolism such as H2O2, using specialized enzymes

A

peroxisomes

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18
Q

only in plants- lipids convert to carbs for growth

A

glyoxysomes

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19
Q

-(plant and protist cells) provide structure for plant cells
-water enters by osmosis, creating turgor pressure
-store anthocyanin (pink & blue) in flowers and fruits

A

vacuoles

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20
Q

-contain digestive enzymes that hydrolyze macromolecules into monomers

A

lysosomes

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21
Q

originate from golgi apparatus

A

primary lysosomes

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22
Q

phagosomes fuse with primary lysosomes to form

A

secondary lysosomes

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23
Q

-supports and maintains cell shape
-holds organelles in position
-moves organelles
-involved in cytoplasmic streaming
-interacts w/ extracellular structures to hold cell in place
-composed of 3 types of filaments

A

cytoskeleton

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24
Q

-help a cell or parts of a cell move
-determine cell shape
-made from protein actin
-helical chains (reversible)
-can change length rapidly

A

Microfilaments

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25
-long, hollow cylinders -form rigid internal skeleton -act as framework for motor proteins -made from dimers of tubulin -can change length rapidly by adding or losing dimers
microtubules
25
-tough, ropelike protein structure -anchor cell structures in place -made of fibrous proteins
intermediate filaments
26
What are the 3 tenets of the original cell theory?
1. cells are fundamental unit of life 2. all organisms are composed of cells 3. all cells come from preexisting cells
27
Why are membranes important in cell function
- allows cells to maintain constant internal environment -selectively permeable barrier -important in communication and receiving signals -often has proteins for binding and adhering to adjacent cells
28
Major features of prokaryotic cells
-enclosed by cell membrane -DNA located in nucleoid -cytoplasm: the rest of the cell content -Ribosomes: sites of protein synthesis
29
Special features found in some prokaryotic cells
-rigid cell wall outside cell membrane -slimy capsule of polysaccharides that help adhere, protect from drying out and from host's immune systen -Pili: harilike structures projecting from cell surface. help bacteria adhere to other cells -Flagella: made of protein flagellin. help prokaryotes swim
30
importance of compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells
-separating biochemical reactions increases cell efficiancy -one compartment might break down proteins, while another builds them -if reactions are not separated, necessary proteins might be broken down -some reactions create harmful products that must be kept away from sensitive areas
31
as cell volume increases, ....
chemical activity increases along with the need for resources and waste removal
32
most cells are small because
a high surface area-to-volume ratio is essential
33
nucleus and endomembrane system may have originated...
from the inward folds of the cel membrane
34
why are enclosed compartments advantageous
chemicals could be concentrated and chemical reactions would proceed more efficiently
35
the theory of endosymbiosis proposes that...
mitochondria and chloroplasts arose when one cell engulfed another cell
36
although cell genes were transferred to the host's DNA...
the symbionts retained specialized functions
37
Lipids components and function in biological membranes?
-cholesterol -25% of membrane's lipid content -provides support -pushes phospholipids apart, increasing fluidity
38
Proteins components and function in biological membranes?
-1 protein:25 lipids -1 in 4 protein encoding genes code for membrane proteins - has 3 main types
39
Have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions of amino acids -partially embedded in bilayer
integral membrane protein
40
loosely attached to lipid bilayer -held by hydrophobic, ionic, or other non-covalent interactions
peripheal membrane protein
41
covalently attached to fatty acids or other lipids in membrane
anchored membrane proteins
42
Carbs components and function in biological membranes?
-covalently bonded to lipids or proteins embedded -glycolipids & glycoproteins extend out from cell surface -function as recognition sites
43
when cells are fused experimentally,....
proteins from each cell distribute themselves uniformly around the membrane
44
same molecule sticks out and binds
homotypic
45
diff proteins bind together
heterotypic
46
help ensure directional movement of materials (bladder)
tight junctions
47
provide mechanical stability -link adjacent cells tightly but permit materials to move around them (skin)
desmosomes
48
let adjacent cells communicate (heart)
gap junctions
49
how do size/mass of molecules affect diffusion rate
smaller molecules=faster diffusion
50
how does temp of solution affect diffusion rate
higher temps=faster diffusion
51
how does density affect diffusion rate
low density= faster diffusion
52
how does concentration gradient affect rate of diffusion
steeper gradient=faster diffusion
53
how does area&distance affect diffusion rate
short distance, large SA= faster diffusion
54
what are the conditions of diffusion rate
-size and mass -temp of solution -density of solution -concentration gradient -area and distance
55
higher concentration outside of cell
hypertonic
56
lower concentration outside of cell
hypotonic
57
equal solute concentration
isotonic
58
what special channels can water cross membranes through?
aquaporins
59
channel proteins with hydrophilic pores -most are gated and open when protein is stimulated to change shape by ligand
ion channel
60
membrane proteins that bind substances and speed diffusions through bilayer
carrier proteins
61
integral membrane proteins that form a tunnel
channel proteins
62
diffusion moves from...
high concentration--> low concentration
63
moves 1 substance in one direction
uniporter (ion channels)
64
moves 2 substances in one direction
symporter (glucose transporter)
65
moves 2 substances in two different directions
antiporter (Na-K pump)
66
active transport moves from...
low concentration to high concentration
67
cellular energy is required in..
active transport
68
brings molecules and cells into eukaryotic cells -cell membrane folds inward, forming a vesicle
endocytosis
69
molecules or entire cells are engulfed -food vacuole or phagosome forms, which fuses a lysosome where contents are digested
phagocytosis
70
a vesicle forms to bring small, dissolved substances or fluids into a cell -constant in endothelial (capillary) cells
pinocytosis
71
highly specific -macromolecules to be moved bind to recepter proteins
receptor mediated endocytosis
72
sites are coated with proteins such as _______ on the inside
clathrin

Bio 110 (2 decks)

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