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Bio 110 > Organelles > Flashcards

Organelles Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
  • site of protein synthesis
  • 2 subunits: each w/ rRNA bound to protein molecules
A

Ribosomes

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2
Q

-largest organelle
-contains most of DNA
-site of DNA replication
-gene transcription is turned on or off here

A

Nucleus

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3
Q

-assembly of ribosomes

A

Nucleolus

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4
Q

-DNA combines with proteins to form ______ in long, thin threads called chromosomes

A

chromatin

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5
Q

-surrounds the nucleus
-double membrane
-nuclear pores control movement of molecules throughout
-outer membrane is continuous with endoplasmic reticulum

A

nuclear envelope

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6
Q

-interconnected system of membrane-enclosed compartments
-includes nucleus, ER, golgi apparatus, and vesicles

A

Endomembrane system

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7
Q

-tiny
-surrounded by membranes that shuttle substances between various components

A

vesicles

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8
Q

-network of membranes in the cytoplasm
-large surface area

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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9
Q

-network of membranes in cytoplasm
-ribosomes are attatched

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

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10
Q

-network of membranes in cytoplasm
-no ribosomes
-chemically modifies small molecules
-site of glycogen degradation in animal cells
-synthesis of lipids and steroids
-stores calcium ions

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

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11
Q

-flattened sacs (cisternae) and small vesicles
-receives proteins from RER
-modifies, concentrates, packages, and sorts proteins
-in plant cells, polysaccharides for cell walls are synthesized here

A

Golgi Apparatus

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12
Q

-energy in fuel molecules such as glucose is transformed to the bonds of energy-rich ATP (cellular respiration)
-cells that require lots of energy have many
-can reproduce and divide independently of central nucleus
-have 2 membranes
-inner membrans folds inward to form cristae
-matrix contains DNA and ribosomes to make proteins for cellular respiration

A

mitochondria

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13
Q
  • only in plants and some protists
    -class of small organelles such as chloroplasts
A

plastids

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14
Q

-site of photosynthesis
-double membrane
-can divide independently of nucleus
-inner membrane forms thylakoids that contain chlorophyll and pigments that harvest light energy

A

chloroplasts

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15
Q

-contain red, orange, and yellow pigment
-give flowers color

A

chromoplasts

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16
Q

stores starches and fats in plants

A

leucoplasts

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17
Q

-collect and breakdown toxic byproduct of metabolism such as H2O2, using specialized enzymes

A

peroxisomes

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18
Q

only in plants- lipids convert to carbs for growth

A

glyoxysomes

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19
Q

-(plant and protist cells) provide structure for plant cells
-water enters by osmosis, creating turgor pressure
-store anthocyanin (pink & blue) in flowers and fruits

A

vacuoles

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20
Q

-contain digestive enzymes that hydrolyze macromolecules into monomers

A

lysosomes

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21
Q

originate from golgi apparatus

A

primary lysosomes

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22
Q

phagosomes fuse with primary lysosomes to form

A

secondary lysosomes

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23
Q

-supports and maintains cell shape
-holds organelles in position
-moves organelles
-involved in cytoplasmic streaming
-interacts w/ extracellular structures to hold cell in place
-composed of 3 types of filaments

A

cytoskeleton

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24
Q

-help a cell or parts of a cell move
-determine cell shape
-made from protein actin
-helical chains (reversible)
-can change length rapidly

A

Microfilaments

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25
Q

-long, hollow cylinders
-form rigid internal skeleton
-act as framework for motor proteins
-made from dimers of tubulin
-can change length rapidly by adding or losing dimers

A

microtubules

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25
Q

-tough, ropelike protein structure
-anchor cell structures in place
-made of fibrous proteins

A

intermediate filaments

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26
Q

What are the 3 tenets of the original cell theory?

A
  1. cells are fundamental unit of life
  2. all organisms are composed of cells
  3. all cells come from preexisting cells
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27
Q

Why are membranes important in cell function

A
  • allows cells to maintain constant internal environment
    -selectively permeable barrier
    -important in communication and receiving signals
    -often has proteins for binding and adhering to adjacent cells
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28
Q

Major features of prokaryotic cells

A

-enclosed by cell membrane
-DNA located in nucleoid
-cytoplasm: the rest of the cell content
-Ribosomes: sites of protein synthesis

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29
Q

Special features found in some prokaryotic cells

A

-rigid cell wall outside cell membrane
-slimy capsule of polysaccharides that help adhere, protect from drying out and from host’s immune systen
-Pili: harilike structures projecting from cell surface. help bacteria adhere to other cells
-Flagella: made of protein flagellin. help prokaryotes swim

30
Q

importance of compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells

A

-separating biochemical reactions increases cell efficiancy
-one compartment might break down proteins, while another builds them
-if reactions are not separated, necessary proteins might be broken down
-some reactions create harmful products that must be kept away from sensitive areas

31
Q

as cell volume increases, ….

A

chemical activity increases along with the need for resources and waste removal

32
Q

most cells are small because

A

a high surface area-to-volume ratio is essential

33
Q

nucleus and endomembrane system may have originated…

A

from the inward folds of the cel membrane

34
Q

why are enclosed compartments advantageous

A

chemicals could be concentrated and chemical reactions would proceed more efficiently

35
Q

the theory of endosymbiosis proposes that…

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts arose when one cell engulfed another cell

36
Q

although cell genes were transferred to the host’s DNA…

A

the symbionts retained specialized functions

37
Q

Lipids components and function in biological membranes?

A

-cholesterol
-25% of membrane’s lipid content
-provides support
-pushes phospholipids apart, increasing fluidity

38
Q

Proteins components and function in biological membranes?

A

-1 protein:25 lipids
-1 in 4 protein encoding genes code for membrane proteins
- has 3 main types

39
Q

Have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions of amino acids
-partially embedded in bilayer

A

integral membrane protein

40
Q

loosely attached to lipid bilayer
-held by hydrophobic, ionic, or other non-covalent interactions

A

peripheal membrane protein

41
Q

covalently attached to fatty acids or other lipids in membrane

A

anchored membrane proteins

42
Q

Carbs components and function in biological membranes?

A

-covalently bonded to lipids or proteins embedded
-glycolipids & glycoproteins extend out from cell surface
-function as recognition sites

43
Q

when cells are fused experimentally,….

A

proteins from each cell distribute themselves uniformly around the membrane

44
Q

same molecule sticks out and binds

A

homotypic

45
Q

diff proteins bind together

A

heterotypic

46
Q

help ensure directional movement of materials (bladder)

A

tight junctions

47
Q

provide mechanical stability
-link adjacent cells tightly but permit materials to move around them
(skin)

A

desmosomes

48
Q

let adjacent cells communicate (heart)

A

gap junctions

49
Q

how do size/mass of molecules affect diffusion rate

A

smaller molecules=faster diffusion

50
Q

how does temp of solution affect diffusion rate

A

higher temps=faster diffusion

51
Q

how does density affect diffusion rate

A

low density= faster diffusion

52
Q

how does concentration gradient affect rate of diffusion

A

steeper gradient=faster diffusion

53
Q

how does area&distance affect diffusion rate

A

short distance, large SA= faster diffusion

54
Q

what are the conditions of diffusion rate

A

-size and mass
-temp of solution
-density of solution
-concentration gradient
-area and distance

55
Q

higher concentration outside of cell

A

hypertonic

56
Q

lower concentration outside of cell

A

hypotonic

57
Q

equal solute concentration

A

isotonic

58
Q

what special channels can water cross membranes through?

A

aquaporins

59
Q

channel proteins with hydrophilic pores
-most are gated and open when protein is stimulated to change shape by ligand

A

ion channel

60
Q

membrane proteins that bind substances and speed diffusions through bilayer

A

carrier proteins

61
Q

integral membrane proteins that form a tunnel

A

channel proteins

62
Q

diffusion moves from…

A

high concentration–> low concentration

63
Q

moves 1 substance in one direction

A

uniporter (ion channels)

64
Q

moves 2 substances in one direction

A

symporter (glucose transporter)

65
Q

moves 2 substances in two different directions

A

antiporter (Na-K pump)

66
Q

active transport moves from…

A

low concentration to high concentration

67
Q

cellular energy is required in..

A

active transport

68
Q

brings molecules and cells into eukaryotic cells
-cell membrane folds inward, forming a vesicle

A

endocytosis

69
Q

molecules or entire cells are engulfed
-food vacuole or phagosome forms, which fuses a lysosome where contents are digested

A

phagocytosis

70
Q

a vesicle forms to bring small, dissolved substances or fluids into a cell
-constant in endothelial (capillary) cells

A

pinocytosis

71
Q

highly specific
-macromolecules to be moved bind to recepter proteins

A

receptor mediated endocytosis

72
Q

sites are coated with proteins such as _______ on the inside

A

clathrin

Bio 110 (2 decks)

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