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Bio 2.4 cells > Organelle structure AND DNA replication > Flashcards

Organelle structure AND DNA replication Flashcards

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1
Q

What are prokaryotic cells

A
  • No nucleus
  • Single-celled
  • Ex. Bacteria
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2
Q

What are eukaryotic cells

A
  • Nucleus
  • Single-celled AND multi-celled
    organisms
  • Ex. Plants, animals, fungi, protists
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3
Q

What are organelles

A

Organized and specialized structures found within cells. Examples include the nucleus, cytoplasm, vacuole, etc.

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4
Q

What is the nucleus made of and what is the function

A

It is genetic material (DNA)
surrounded by a membrane. The function is to store genetic material in
eukaryotic cells

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5
Q

What is the vacuole and the function

A

Water, dissolved chemicals, and
enzymes surrounded by a
membrane layer. They are large in plant cells, small in animal cells. The function is to store water, food, and waste. It also maintains cell water pressure

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6
Q

What does the vacuole do depending on the water

A

The vacuole swells and shrinks based on how much water is present

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7
Q

What is the ribosome made of and the function

A

Made of:

  • 2 subunits (large and small) that
    come together
  • Small subunit decodes genetic
    message
  • Large subunit activates peptide
    bond formation
  • Each subunit made of ribosomal
    RNA (rRNA) and protein

The functions are to produce polypeptide
chains/proteins (long chains of
amino acids) by reading genetic
instructions. It is found on rough ER or free
floating in cytoplasm

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8
Q

What is the mitochondria made of and the function

A

Made of:

  • Double membrane layer
    comprising of inner (cristae) and
    outer (matrix) membrane

Function:
- Site of respiration
- Breaks down food to produce
energy (in the form of ATP)

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9
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what is the function

A

Made of:

  • Complex network of folded
    phospholipid bilayers. Membrane
    bound spaces are called cisternae

Function:

  • Rough ER: ribosomes present on
    the outer surface. Produce
    proteins for export to the cell
  • Smooth ER: no ribosomes
    present. Produce fats/lipids and
    metabolise toxins
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10
Q

What is the golgi apparatus and the function

A

Made of:

  • Complex network of folded
    phospholipid bilayers. Membrane
    bound spaces are called cisternae

The function is to store, packages, and export
proteins and lipids to the outer
membrane and beyond

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11
Q

What are lysosomes and the function

A

Made of:
- Phospholipid bilayer filled with
digestive enzymes

Function:
- Engulf and breakdown worn out
organelles, food particles, or
invading viruses and bacteria

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12
Q

What is the cell membrane made of and the function

A

It is made of a phospholipid bilayer with
embedded proteins. The function is to protect the inside of the cell
from exterior factors. It also controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell

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13
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model

A

The fluid mosaic model describes the
fluid and flexible nature of the cell
membrane and the components it is
made from

  • The different components, such as
    proteins, cholesterol, and
    phospholipids float laterally in the
    membrane
  • Cholesterol helps regulate
    membrane fluidity
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14
Q

What is the cell wall and the function

A

It is made of cellulose (carbohydrate) and located outside the cell
membrane. The function is to provide structural support
- Protects plant cell and maintains
its shape

  • Protects the cell from high
    internal water pressure (prevents
    cell from bursting)
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15
Q

What is the cytoplasm and the function

A

It is made of sissolved substances (water, salt,
etc.)
- Gelatinous liquid where all the
organelles float in
The function is to store molecules (enzymes and
nutrients)
- Allows waste products to be
transported out of organelles and
the cell

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16
Q

What are white blood cells and the function

A

White blood cells have lots of
lysosomes (recall: break down
food, bacteria, viruses) as they are
disease-fighting cells that protect
our body from infection

17
Q

What are red blood cells and the function

A

Red blood cells are disc shaped
to maximise their oxygen-carrying
capacity (increased surface area)
while allowing them to squeeze
through narrow blood vessels

18
Q

What is DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a
double-stranded helix made of chemical
building blocks called nucleotides

  • Nucleotides are made of:
  • Sugar (deoxyribose)
  • Phosphate
  • Nitrogenous bases (adenine (A),
    thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine
    (C))
19
Q

What is complementary based pairing

A

The complementary
base-pairing rules states that:

  • Adenine (A) always bonds
    with thymine (T)
  • Cytosine (C) always bonds
    with guanine (G)
  • Since each base can only pair
    with one other, we can preserve
    all the genetic information during
    DNA replication
20
Q

What is DNA replication

A

DNA contains all the instructions needed for life processes

  • New cells receive a full copy of all the genetic information using
    DNA replication
21
Q

What is the purpose of DNA replication

A

Purpose of DNA replication is to replicate the cell’s DNA in preparation
for cell division (mitosis). Replicated DNA is passed on to daughter cells,
ensuring the new daughter cells carry out the same function as parent
cells

  • The daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cells
  • DNA replication must occur before mitosis
22
Q

What is the process of DNA

A
  1. DNA helicase (enzyme) unwinds the DNA strand by breaking the
    hydrogen bonds holding the bases together. Nitrogenous bases are now
    exposed
  2. New nucleotides are brought in.
    The exposed nucleotides can now
    bond with the new nucleotides
    according to the base pairing rule.
    This is done by an enzyme called DNA
    polymerase
    - Another enzyme called DNA
    primase provides the ‘guiding’
    information for DNA polymerase to
    attach
  3. At the end of the process, two
    new double-stranded DNA
    molecules are formed that are
    exact copies of the parent strand.
    The replication process is called
    semi-conservative: each new DNA
    molecule has one strand from the
    original DNA and one entirely
    new strand created by DNA
    polymerase
23
Q

Factors affecting DNA replication

A

Any factors that affect enzymes involved (ex. temperature, pH,
co-factors, inhibitors)

  • Availability of free nucleotides for DNA polymerase to attach
  • DNA replication occurs only in S phase of cell cycle

Bio 2.4 cells (7 decks)

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