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Biology B2 > Organ Systems > Flashcards

Organ Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a fossil

A

Any trace of animal or plant that lived long ago

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2
Q

How can fossils be form

A

Gradual replacement by minerals - teeth shells and rocks don’t decay easily so are slowly replaced by minerals forming hard rock in the same shaped
Casts and impressions - when an organism is buried in soft material
From preservation places where no decay happens because there’s no impressions e.g. In glaciers

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3
Q

What do fossils tell us

A

What creatures and plants looked like
How long ago things lived
How creatures have evolved

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4
Q

Why is the fossil record incomplete

A

Many dead plants and animal don’t become fossils

Soft tissue can decay away easily and not form fossils

Some fossils are yet to be discovered

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5
Q

What does the Pentadactyl limb show us

A

It has five digits and can be seen in many different species
In each species there is a similar bone structure but they usually have different functions
This proves that all species with the pentadactyl limb have evolved from a common ancestor

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6
Q

What is growth

A

An increase in size or mass

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7
Q

How can you measure growth

A

Size - height length width or circumference

Wet mass- the mass including all of the water in the body it can change quickly

Dry mass- mass with no water in the body it can only be measured when dead

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8
Q

How do animals grow

A

By cell division mainly when their young then will stop for the most of their life
Cell differentiation is usually stopped at an early stage of life

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9
Q

How do plants grow

A

They grow continuously so continue to differentiate and develop new parts throughout their life the growth is usually due to cell elongation and cell division in the roots

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10
Q

What are percentile charts

A

When a baby’s growth is measured after birth we can predict how tall they will grow as an adult
The 50th percentile show the mass that 50 percent of babies will have reached by a certain age
Doctors are only worried if a baby is below the 2nd percentile or above the 98th

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11
Q

What is tissue

A

A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function

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12
Q

What is an organ

A

A group of different tissues that work together to perform a particular function

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13
Q

What is an organ system

A

A group of organs that work together to perform a particular function

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14
Q

What is the structure of the heart

A

Four chambers and four major blood vessels
Right atrium revives deoxygenated blood from the body through the vena cava
It moves the the right ventricle and then to the lungs through the pulmonary artery
The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary vein
Then to the left ventricle and the aorta moves blood around the body
The left side is much stronger than the right side because it has to pump the blood around the whole body
Valves between the chambers prevent back flow

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15
Q

What do red blood cells do

A

They carry oxygen around the body
They have a biconcave shape to give a large surface area for absorbing oxygen
They contain haemoglobin
Oxygen combines with haemoglobin to create oxyhemoglobin in the red blood cells
They have no nucleus for more space

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16
Q

What are whit blood cells

A

They defend agains the disease
They can change shape to attack the microorganisms
They produce antibodies to fight disease
Low white blood cells increase the risk of disease but high white blood cells show you may have disease

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17
Q

What are platelets

A

Small fragments of cells that help the blood to clot at a wound so little blood can get out and no microbes can get in
Lack of platelets can cause excessive bleeding and bruising

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18
Q

What is plasma

A 
It is a pale yellow liquid that keeps the blood liquid and transports 
Red and white blood cells and platelets 
Carbon dioxide 
Glucose and amino acids
Urea
Hormones 
Antibodies and antitoxins
19
Q

What are the three types of blood vessel

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart

Capillaries are small and exchange materials between the blood and tissue

Veins Cary blood to the heart

20
Q

What are arteries like

A

They walls are strong and elastic to cope with the high pressure

The lumen is the hold in the middle and it is small compared to the thick walls

There is a thick layer of muscle around the lumen

21
Q

What are capillaries like

A

They’re really tiny
They carry blood close to every cell in the body to exchange substances
They have a really thin wall only one cell thick and it is partially permeable
They lumen is also very small
Substances can diffuse from the blood to the cells

22
Q

What are veins like

A

They blood is at a lower pressure so the walls don’t need to be as thick
They have a big lumen to help the blood flow even with the low pressure
They have valves to help the blood flow in the right direction
The walls aren’t as thick as the arteries

23
Q

What is the role of the digestive system

A

To break down molecules into smaller ones that are useful to the body

24
Q

What are the digestive enzymes

A

Carbohydrates digest starch to sugars

Proteases digest proteins to amino acids

Lipase digests fats into fatty acids and glycerol

25
Q

What happens in the mouth

A

They food is moistened with saliva from the salivary glands
They produce amylase to break down some starch
The food is broken down so that it can be swallowed

26
Q

What happens in the oesophagus

A

The food travels from the mouth to the stomach

It is lined with muscles that contract for peristalsis to happen

27
Q

What happens in the stomach

A

It pummels the food with its muscular walls

It produces pepsin to break down the proteins

It produces hcl to give the right ph of the pepsin (ph2) and kill bacteria

28
Q

What happens in the liver

A

Bile is produced to neutralise the stomach acid and emulsify fats for the intestine

29
Q

What happens in the gall bladder

A

The bile is stored before it is released into the small intestine

30
Q

What happens in the pancreas

A

It produces protease amylase and lipase enzymes and releases them into the small intestine

31
Q

What happens in the small intestine

A

Protease amylase and lipease complete digestion

The nutrients are absorbed out of the small intestine into the body

32
Q

What happens in the large intestine

A

Excess water is absorbed from the food

33
Q

What is the order of the digestive system

A 
Mouth 
Oesophagus
Stomach 
(Liver) 
(Gall bladder) 
(Pancreas) 
Small intestine 
Large intestine
34
Q

What does Benedictus solution do

A

It starts off blue and will change colour if there’s any sugar present
Blue-> green-> yellow -> orange -> red

35
Q

What is visking tubing

A

It’s a good model for the but because it only lets small molecules through

36
Q

What is peristalsis

A

Longitudinal muscles along the length of the gut and circular muscles around the edge are there to contact and push the food along
Waves of circular muscle contractions push the food along and longitudinal muscle contractions keep the food in a ball shape

37
Q

What does bile do

A

It’s produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder
It neutralises the stomach acid to make conditions more alkaline for the small intestine
It breaks up the fats so that they are in small droplets and have a larger surface area for the lipase to work

38
Q

What re villi for

A

They have a big surface area so that food is absorbed more quickly into the blood

They have a single layer of surface cells so the digested food can diffuse quickly over a short distance

They have very good blood supply so the the digested food can be quickly absorbed into the blood

39
Q

What are functional foods

A

A food that has some kind of health benefit as well as basic nutrition eg preventing disease

40
Q

What are probiotics

A

They contain good bacteria similar to the bacteria found naturally in the gut

They are added to food such as yoghurt because they are though to keep the digestive system healthy and give a strong immune system

41
Q

What are prebiotics

A

They’re carbs that we can’t digest
They occur naturally In foods like leeks and onions but we can’t get enough of them without taking supplements
They are a food supply for the good bacteria so can promote the growth of the food bacteria in the gut and could improve the health of the digestive system and could help strengthen the immune system

42
Q

What are plant stanol esters

A

Chemicals that can lower blood cholesterol and reduce the risk of heart disease

They occur naturally in plants but in small quantities so can be produced by using bacteria convert sterols into stanols

They can be added to spreads or dairy products

43
Q

How can we find out If things are scientifically proven

A

If it’s published in a journal
Was written by a qualified person not the manufacturers
Tested on a large sample of people to give reliable people
Other studies finding similar results

Biology B2 (3 decks)

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