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ORG MED > org med lab immunity > Flashcards

org med lab immunity Flashcards

1
Q

can be defined as the body’s ability to defend against specific pathogens and/or foreign substances in
the initiation of disease processes.

A

Immunity

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2
Q

The multidimensional response initiated by the body’s various defense systems

A

Immune Response

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3
Q

Responds immediately to protect the body from all foreign substances.

A

Innate Defenses/Nonspecific Immunity

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4
Q

Fights invaders that get past the innate defenses by mounting an attack against one or more particular foreign
substances.

A

Adaptive Defenses/Specific Defense System

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5
Q

give me 2 that are included in Innate (nonspecific) defense mechanisms

A

First line of Defense
Second line of Defense

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6
Q

What are included in First Line of Defense?

A

Skin, Mucous membranes, Secretions of skin and mucous membranes

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7
Q

What are included in Second Line of Defense?

A

Phagocytic cells, Natural killer cells, Antimicrobial proteins, The inflammatory response, Fever

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8
Q

What are included in third line of defense?

A

Lymphocytes, Antibodies, Macrophages and other antigen presenting cells

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9
Q

Give me the 6 Intact mucus membranes

A

Mucus, Nasal hairs, Cilia, Gastric juice, Acid mantle of the vagina, Lacrimal secretion

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10
Q

Filter and trap microorganisms and other airborne particles in nasal passages

A

Nasal hairs

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11
Q

Propel debris-laden mucus away from respiratory passages

A

Cilia

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12
Q

Contains concentrated HCl and protein-digesting enzymes that destroy pathogens in stomach.

A

Gastric Juice

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13
Q

Inhibits growth of bacteria and fungi in female reproductive tract.

A

Acid mantle of vagina

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14
Q

Internal Defenses: Cells and Chemicals

A

Phagocytes, Natural Killer Cells, Inflammatory response, Fever

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15
Q

-A unique group of aggressive lymphocytes that can lyse (burst) and kill cancer cells, virus-infected body cells, and some other nonspecific targets well before the adaptive arm of the immune system is enlisted in the fight.
-Not phagocytic
-Release lytic chemicals called _________ and ________

A

Natural Killer Cells
perforin , granzymes

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16
Q

The Inflammatory Response
Cardinal signs:

A

Redness , Heat Pain , Swelling

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17
Q

The Inflammatory Response When cells are damaged, they release inflammatory chemicals, including __________and _______ that:
1. Cause vasodilation
2. Make capillaries leaky
3. Attract phagocytes and WBCs to the
area (positive chemotaxis)

A

histamine and kinins

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18
Q

The Inflammatory Response
Once the inflammatory process has
begun:
1. Neutrophils enter the blood from the
bone marrow
2. Neutrophils flatten out and squeeze
through the capillary walls (diapedesis)
3. Neutrophils gather at the side of tissue
injury

A
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19
Q

are activated and begin to wall off the damaged area with fibrin to prevent the spread of harmful agents to neighboring tissues

A

Clotting proteins

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20
Q

forms scaffolding for permanent
repair

A

fibrin mesh

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21
Q

The _________ increases the metabolic rate of the
tissue cells, speeding up their defensive actions and
repair processes

A

local heat

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22
Q

is a mixture of dead or dying neutrophils, broken-down tissue cells, and living and dead pathogens.

A

Pus

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23
Q

If the inflammatory mechanism fails to fully clear the area of debris, the sac of pus may become walled off, forming an ________

A

abscess

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24
Q

A _________ engulfs a foreign
particle by the process of
_________

A

phagocytes
phagocytosis

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25
Q

A variety of antimicrobial proteins enhance the innate defenses either by attacking microorganisms directly or by hindering their ability to reproduce.
Complements
Interferons

A

Antimicrobial Proteins

26
Q

-refers to a group of at least 20 plasma proteins that circulate in the blood in an ____________, much like inactive
clotting proteins
- When complement becomes attached or fixed to foreign cells, it is activated and becomes a major factor in the fight against foreign cells.

A

Complement
inactive state

27
Q

Results of complement fixation:

A

1. Formation of membrane attack
complexes (MAC)
2. Release of vasodilators that attract
neutrophils and macrophages

28
Q

Diffuse to nearby cells and bind to their membrane receptors Interferes with the ability of viruses to multiply within healthy cells, reducing the spread of the virus.

A

Interferon

29
Q

is a systemic response to invading microorganisms
-Regulated by the hypothalamus
- Caused by ________________

A

Fever
pyrogens

30
Q

What are the 2 Adaptive Body Defenses?

A

Humoral Immune Response/
Antibody-Mediated

Cellular Immune Response/
Cell-Mediated

31
Q

Give me the 3 Important aspects of adaptive defense:

A

1. It is antigen specific
2.It is systemaic
3.It has “memory

32
Q

any substance capable of provoking an immune response

A

Antigen

33
Q

molecules that do not trigger an immune response but are strongly antigenic to other people

A

Self-Antigen

34
Q

aka incomplete antigen; small molecules bound to proteins that the immune system will recognize as foreign

A

Hapten

35
Q

produce antibodies and oversee humoral activity (B cells)

A

B lymphocytes

36
Q

constitute the cellmediated arm of the adaptive defenses and do not make antibodies (T cells)

A

T lymphocytes

37
Q

play an essential role in activating the lymphocytes that respond to specific antigen

A

Antigen-presenting cells

38
Q

Major roles of APCs:
*Engulf antigens and then present fragments of them, like signal flags, on their own surfaces, where they can be
recognized by T cells.
*Major types: ___________, __________ and _________

A

dendritic cells, macrophages, and B lymphocytes

39
Q

-Present in connective tissues and in the epidermis (Langerhans)
-“mobile sentinels”
-Most effective antigen presenters

A

Dendritic Cells

40
Q

-Widely distributed throughout the lymphoid organs and connective tissue
-Act as phagocytes

A

Macrophages

41
Q

The binding event that sensitizes or activates the lymphocyte to “switch on”.

A

Clonal Selection

42
Q

In active immunity
a bacterial or viral infections

A

Naturally acquired

43
Q

In Active Immunity
vaccines

A

Artificially acquired

44
Q

In passive immunity
– mother to fetus (placenta, or breastmilk)

A

Naturally-acquired

45
Q

In passive Immunity
- Injection of donated antibodies (gamma globulins)

A

Artificially-acquired

46
Q
  • Also known as ___________
  • Soluble proteins secreted by activated B cells or by their plasma-cell offspring in response to an antigen,
A

Antibodies
Immunoglobulins (Igs)

47
Q

Antibodies are Capable of:

A

1. Neutralization
2. Agglutination
3. Precipitation

48
Q

First releasedby plasma cellsduring primary response

A

IgM

49
Q

Bathes and protects mucosal surfaces from attachment of pathogens

A

IgA

50
Q

Cell surface receptor of immunocompetent B cell; important in activation of B cell

A

IgD

51
Q

Main antibody of both primary and secondary responses; crosses the placenta

A

IgG

52
Q

Binds to mast cells and basophils and triggers release of histamine

A

IgE

53
Q

Specialize in killing virus-infected, cancer, or foreign graft cells directly.

A

Cytotoxic T cells

54
Q

-T cells that act as the “directors” or “managers” of the adaptive immune response.
-Circulate through the body, “recruiting” other cells to fight

A

Helper T cells

55
Q

-Formely called _____________
-Release chemicals that suppressthe activity of both T and B cells

A

Regulatory T cells
suppressor T cells

56
Q

-Tissue grafts transplanted from one site to another in the same person.

A

Autografts

57
Q

Tissue grafts donated by a genetically identical person (identical twin)

A

Isografts

58
Q

Tissue grafts taken from a person other than an identical twin.

A

Allografts

59
Q

Tissue grafts harvested from a different animal species

A

Xenografts

60
Q

Immunosuppressive Therapy:

A

Corticosteroids
Radiation therapy
Immunosuppressor drugs

ORG MED (5 decks)

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