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ORG exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

yorkston model of disorder

A

motor plan–>motor planning–>apraxia

speech movts–> speech execution–>dysarthria

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2
Q

duffy’s model of disorder

A

cognitive linguistic processes–> motor speech programming–> neuromuscular execution
each with a neurological element

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3
Q

cell body

A

soma, gray matter

contains normal cellular elements (mitochondria, ER, nucelus, neurofibrils)

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4
Q

mitochondria

A

– produce ATP – adenosine triphosphate- ENERGY- important for muscle contraction

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5
Q

dendrites

A

aff projection to receive input and send to cell body; multiple, short

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6
Q

axon

A

eff projections sending signal away from cell body to other cells
single axon; longer, some up to 2 meters in length;
increased diameter of axon – increase speed that signal propagates

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7
Q

myelin

A

white matter, fatty substance- part of the oligodendrocyte that wraps around the axon and is critical to sending signal along axon- wont charge properly without

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8
Q

axon hillock

A

junction of cell body and axon

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9
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

points along the axon that are not covered with myelin; gaps; very important for transmission of impulses along the axon

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10
Q

terminal button

A

end of axon

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11
Q

synapse

A

area of connection between one neuron (axon) and another cell (neural or muscular)
space where one neuron influences/communicates with following cell thru an electrochemical process

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12
Q

synaptic cleft

A

gap between the two adjacent cells

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13
Q

types on synapses

A

axoaxonic
axodendritic
axosomatic- cell body
neuromuscular

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14
Q

neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals stored in synaptic vesicles are dumped into synaptic cleft to affect transmission of signal to next cell
excitatory - may excite – turn on the next neuron/muscle fiber – e.g. acetylcholine (critical at neuromuscular junction)
inhibitory - may inhibit of impede activity in next neuron – e.g. dopamine

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15
Q

types of neurons

A

many different types perform specific neural functions or are located in specific brain regions
unipolar, bipolar, multipolar-refers to the axon structure of the neuron e.g. within multipolar
Motoneurons> SC to skeletal muscles
purkinje cells>cerebellum
pyramidal cells>cerebral cortex to SC/brainstem

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16
Q

axon bundles

A

white matter
PNS: nerves: aff sensory, eff motor, mixed
CNS: tracts/fascicles

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17
Q

cell body bundles

A

gray matter
PNS: ganglia
CNS: nuclei

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18
Q

CNS neuroglia

A

supportive tissue,Can proliferate into tumors
Astrocytes surround neurons and provide protection, regulate the extracellular fluids
Oligodendrocytes surround neurons and make myelin to surround the axons, one to many axons
Microglial cells- phagocytes i.e. remove debris and extraneous substances
Ependymal cells-form the epithelial lining of the innermost cavity of the neural system
provides protection i.e. is a barrier to allowing foreign substances to affect the neurons
also secrete and absorb CSF

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19
Q

PNS neuroglia

A

Satellite cells are like astrocytes
Schwann cells like oligodendrocytes- surround neurons and create myelin
- play role in regeneration of PNS nerves

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19
Q

Neural resting potential

A

Always level of electrical activity in cell from ions
-60 to -70 at rest
Permeable membrane k+ out Cl- in
Gradient ??

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20
Q

Neural conduction: action potential

A

Electrical processes that generate more positive activity:
Depolarization to -50mv, membrane changes, na comes in and cell becomes positive
Sends signal along axon to next neuron
Propagation - all or noting saltatory
Synapse- chemical event takes place

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21
Q

Summation

A

Spatial- simultaneous activation by multiple synapses

Temporal - sequential activation from same synapse over time

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22
Q

Speed factors DMR

A

Diameter of axon: larger = faster
Myelination= faster

Refractory period: cell cannot fire again for roughly 10 ms, or until equilibrium reestablished

24
Q

Classification of nerves A-E P-C

A

Function
Aff- sensory, toward cell body or CNS
Eff- Motor, away from cell body or CNS
Location
CNS- protected by cranium and vertebral column, brain SC
PNS- outside bony confines- 12 cranial 30 spinal, autonomic (sympathetic- thoracolumbar and parasympathetic- craniosacral), visceral aff

25
Q

Brain: frontal lobe BA SM

A

Broca’s area– l cerebral hem, part of inferior frontal gyrus, speech motor planning and programming
SMA- supplementary motor area- left hemisphere , initiating and preparation of movt, including speech and thought- brodman 6

26
Q

Parietal lobe PS

A

Primary sensory cortex- post central gyrus
contralateral sensation- interpret touch, pain, temp
somatotopic map

27
Q

cerebral white matter

A

projection fibers- aff and eff
upper motor neurons
corticospinal- brain to spine, corticobulbar brain to head
upper sensory neurons

28
Q

cerebral white matter pathway
Bulbar: C>CR>IC>CP>B>NCaptain Crunch Really is Captain Crunch promised Brian nervously.
Spinal: C>CR>IC>CP>P>S>Mn Captain Crunch Really is Captain Crunch promised Pete speedily munching.

A

Cortex–>
Corona Radiata - large radiation of projections fibers just below cerebral cortex
Internal Capsule - projection fibers converge tightly into band of white matter – through basal ganglia
Cerebral Peduncles/crus cerebri - down thru to brainstem and SC musculature below – midbrain level
–corticobulbar tracts synapse in brainstem nuclei and innervate CN
–corticospinal tracts continue down to
–Pyramids - crossing/decussations of corticospinal fibers in medulla leading to SC where synapse on motoneurons in ventral horns

29
Q

subcortical gray matter: basal ganglia (nuclei) C LN PGP Clean LeoNard’s PiGPen

A

also called corpus striatum =caudate+putamen should be called “nuclei”- looks like blue tooth
includes
1) caudate - bilateral, long tailed structure which ends at the amygdala
2) lenticular nucleus - nut-shaped structures at front of caudate; consists of
—putamen
—globus pallidus - two segments (internal, external)
function:
—involved in integrating complex motor activity such as walking, posture, balance, and of course, speech;
—regulating size direction etc i.e. inhibiting unwanted motor activity

30
Q

subcortical gray matter: thalamus SRI SpNu

A

sensory relay and integration center- does not control movt directly but can affect if damaged
walnut-sized oval masses deep within each cortex; more mesial than BG
each consists of many different nuclei specialized for different functions e.g. memory, language, sensory, motor, attention and arousal
-the two can be connected to one another
subthalamic nuclei
-less apparent nuclei below thalamus that are involved in motor system

31
Q

midbrain - mesencephalon SN RN CP

A

substantia nigra - just deep to peduncles – dark gray/black, important for providing dopamine to basal ganglia directly above
red nucleus - round nucleus that is another structure involved in motor activity via cerebellum
cerebral peduncles - anteriorly – white matter, continuation of internal capsule so important motor pathway to SC

32
Q

cerebellum - hindbrain Celebrate smooth coordinator ip

A

posterior inferior part of brain; more, smaller convolutions divided into two hemispheres with cortex of gray matter and interior regions of gray and white matter

fn: integrates and coordinates smooth, synergistic limb movts, balance, posture, and gait (wide-based gate); timing
* ipsilateral control*

33
Q

pons - metencephalon VCP DBN

Pound Veronica’s cereal peanuts, and Dori’s bready naan.

A

anterior hump at top of brainstem
fibers connect to the cerebellum
ventral portion - contiguous with cerebral peduncles to pyramids
dorsal portion - brainstem nuclei of some CN that exit at pons, nuclei of reticular formation, and ascending and descending sensory and motor tracts

34
Q

medulla oblongata P D-NCG UP-ICP RF

Model Pyros, dolphins need coital grace, underperforming models infest cereal peanuts.

A

lowermost portion of brainstem
contiguous with SC below
contains
*pyramids - decussation
*dorsal portion of medulla
—nucleus cuneatus and nucleus gracilis -cell bodies for sensory tracts coming up from SC
*upper posterior medulla
—inferior cerebellar peduncles - carrying info to cbl
*reticular formation- cardiac and vasomotor life fn centers of MO (HB, respiration, wake)–coma

35
Q

direct activation pathway - pyramidal tract - upper motor neuron UMN
Bulbar: C>CR>IC>CP>B>NCaptain Crunch Really is Captain Crunch promised Brian nervously.
Spinal: C>CR>IC>CP>P>S>Mn Captain Crunch Really is Captain Crunch promised Pete speedily munching.

A

2 UMN branches
corticobulbar tract: to cranial nerves
corticospinal tract: to spinal nerves
origin - pyramidal cells in primary motor cortex, but also cells in premotor cortex and primary sensory cortex (topographic organization along the strip)
path: corona radiata> internal capsule> cerebral peduncles (aka crus cerebri)>
to Brainstem/corticobulbar (contra or ipsi) > CN
OR
to SC/corticospinal- (decuss=contra)> ventral part of SC (motor neurons)
function: critical for voluntary, skilled, discrete, rapid movts– including speech movts

36
Q

indirect activation pathway - extrapyramidal system: reticular CoRe CbRe ReSp: Indirectly, Corey Celebrated Respect.

A

second source of input to LMNs/final common pathway
multiple synapses along its pathway
origin - cortex - motor, premotor, and sensory cortex
Reticular pathways:
–1. corticoreticulo fibers: cortex down to reticular formation nuclei in brainstem
–2. cerebelloreticular
–3. reticulospinal fibers: brainstem down to motoneurons
probably involved in muscle tone, some fibers are actually inhibitory to muscle activity

37
Q

indirect activation pathway - extrapyramidal system: Red nucleus CoRu RuSp: Indirectly, Cole ruined Ruth’s speech.

A

corticorubral fibers: cortex to red nucleus
rubrospinal tract: red nucleus to spinal motor neurons
important for flexion activity probably also in speech muscles

38
Q

indirect activation pathway - extrapyramidal system: Vestibular VeSp Indirectly, Vera sparkled.

A 
vestibulospinal fibers: vestibular nuclei in brainstem down to SC
	**function overall
regulates reflexes (so certain reflexes don’t occur), muscle tone resulting from a certain amount of input at all times- must be in balance and the upper pathway inhibits, posture so that direct pathway can accomplish its goals
39
Q

Indirect pathway damage DeCo Flex DeCe Flop

A

decorticate posture - lesion of upper portion of indirects/directs - corticoreticular/rubral pathways - allow fibers from rubral/reticular/vestibular to fire uninhibited leading to extensor activity in the legs and flexion activity in the arms (BROCA arm)

decerebrate posture - lesions from midbrain to medulla now ends the flexion activity and see arm extensor activity as well (floppy)

  • localized reflexes unmodified from input above
  • Speech problems not language- dysarthria not aphasia
40
Q

motor pathways DA IA CBC BGC FC DanA InitiAted CeleBrating Christmas BaGs Chock Full of Candy.

A

1) “direct activation pathway” - pyramidal system - upper motor neuron UMN
2) “indirect activation pathway” - extrapyramidal system
3) “cerebellar control circuit”- coordination/timing
4) “basal ganglia control circuit”- size of movt
5) “final common pathway” - lower motor neuron LMN

41
Q

basal ganglia control circuit

CSPTC But guys- can strong puppy tear can? PSNP Potentially some nicks possible. STNGP. STaND Guard, Puppy Stain.

A

no direct contact with motoneurons below;
exert their influence in integration/regulation and coordination of movt via complex interactions among cortical/subcortical structures
Circuits, excitatory and inhibitory:
*cortico-striato-pallido-thalamo-cortical loop
–sub-circuit 1: striatonigral (putamen-substantia nigra-putamen) *dopamine (inhibitory)
–sub-circuit 2: subthalamic nucleus - globus pallidus
Should be a balanced system: neurotransmitter activity in striatum is critical– acetylcholine (excit) and dopamine (inhib), also gaba (inhib)
function: critical for normal muscle contraction and posture allowing for voluntary movts to proceed smoothly
–regulate amplitude, velocity, and initiation of movts
–regulates intended movts, dampen unwanted movts
–in speech, the basal ganglia circuit actually seems to “dampen” movts

42
Q

cerebellar control circuit CC PrMo PreMo Cbl Co

PriMe or PreMium Celebration Costs.

A

hemispheres control movts on ipsilateral sides of body-because info goes from L cbl up to R cortex which controls L body
corticocerebellar loop: primary motor and premotor to cbl
cbl via red nucleus and thalamus back to cortex
(cortico-[pons]-cerebellar-rubro-thalamo-cortical)

fn in speech:
role in anticipating intended speech movts and providing feedback from periphery
temporal regulation of sensory and motor info
inhibitory role in movt to refine poorly formed cortical movts, smoothing and coordinating movts
ipsilateral control of movt

43
Q

final common pathway = lower motor neuron (peripheral nervous system)

A

12 pairs of CN and their ganglia
31 pairs of spinal nerves and their ganglia; dorsal and ventral roots

nerve = collection of nerve fibers
aff - carry impulses from sensory structure toward CNS
eff - carry impulses from CNS to end structure e.g. muscle
mixed - some have both types of nerve fibers

44
Q

Cranial nerves

A

emphasis on CNs of speech
designated by roman numerals in order of which they leave brainstem from top to bottom
motor CN - cell bodies in brainstem nuclei
sensory CN - cell bodies in ganglia at sensory organ

45
Q

cranial nerve V - Trigeminal S:FMJ M:Ch TVP-TT SH

A

largest CN; complex, important nerve for our interests
”trigeminal” because has 3 main branches
bilateral innervation
Sensory and motor- bilateral
Sensory: face, mouth and lower jaw, *anterior 2/3 of tongue (Dentist blocks CN 5)
Motor:
muscles of mastication: medial and lateral pterygoids, masseter, buccinator
muscles of soft palate - tensor veli palatini (pulls down)
tensor tympani - in middle ear
suprahyoid muscles: mylohyoid, anterior belly digastric

46
Q

Cranial Nerve VII - Facial S:TTS M:StDiSty EFNM

A

large, complex sensory-motor nerve important for aspects of speech and swallowing
upper facial muscles - bilateral cortical input
lower facial muscles - uni/contralateral
cortical input speech
sensory: **anterior 2/3 of tongue - taste, touch - skin around ear
Motor:
stapedius muscle in middle ear
posterior belly digastric
stylohyoid
muscles surrounding eye
muscles of face and nose
buccinator, orbicularis oris, lower lip muscles, platysma
also motor input to mucuous membrane glands of nose and palate

47
Q

**cranial nerve VIII - Vestibulocochlear - Auditory

A

bilateral sensory input > heschl’s gyrus
cochlear portion: arises from cells in spiral ganglion of cochlea, enter brainstem at lateral most pontomedullary junction, courses up to temporal cortex of brain via a number of bilateral synapses
Lesions of:
LSN - unilateral deafness e.g. acoustic neuroma/schwannoma
USN - no symptoms because of bilateral activation of cortex by cochlear nerve

vestibular portion: equilibrium and balance, fibers arise in vestibular labyrinths of the inner ear
lesions:
vertigo - sense that the world is rotating
nystagmus - spasmodic eye movements
nausea and vomiting common with these

48
Q

**cranial nerve IX - Glossopharyngeal S: TTTETM M: Gag

A 
bilateral innervation
motor:
stylopharyngeus muscle and superior constrictor
eff to parotid (salivary) gland
part of middle pharyngeal constrictor
Sensory:
**tactile sensation posterior 1/3 of tongue, 
**taste - posterior 1/3 of tongue
external ear skin
internal tympanic membrane
mucous membrane of pharynx, soft palate, posterior tongue
mediates pharyngeal gag reflex
**but not all people will have one
contributes to initiating swallow reflex
49
Q

cranial nerve X- Vagus- motor: PhMu SLPi RLPh

A 
latin for wandering  - as in vagabond
bilateral innervation
Motor
Pharyngeal branch: 
muscles of pharynx (except stylopharyngeus)
palatoglossus muscle of tongue
levator veli palatini

Superior laryngeal branch:
cricothyroid (pitch changing) tense thin elongate

Recurrent laryngeal branch:
innervates all other muscles of larynx- PHONATION arytenoids, etc
glands of pharynx, larynx, thoracic and abdominal viscera
*left recurrent loops under aorta

50
Q

**cranial nerve X- Vagus- sensory: LTETh EAM

A 
Sensory
larynx, trachea, esophagus and thorax, and abdominal viscera
skin at back of ear and ext aud meatus
external tympanic membrane
pharynx
involved in palatal gag reflex
Cough, clear throat
51
Q

**cranial nerve XI - Spinal Accessory

LVP StClMa TPZ

A

bilateral innervation

motor - spinal portion
Levator veli palatini??
Sternocleidomastoid- turn head
Trapezius- shrug shoulders

52
Q

**cranial nerve XII - Hypoglossal

A

primarily motor nerve
all intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles except palatoglossus
also some strap muscles of neck
**contralateral innervation - i.e. right cortex controls left tongue muscles and vice versa

53
Q

spinal cord

A

extends from C1 to about T11
inferior portion - ends as conus medullaris
cauda equina -Sen N at bottom fan outward looking like a tail
transverse section: gray matter center
dorsal horns - aff or sensory neurons into SC
ventral horns - associated with eff motor neurons from SC to muscles
SC enlarged in two regions: cervical and thoracic where many neurons involved in supplying muscles of upper and lower limbs
white matter surrounding tracts of aff and eff fibers running to other parts of SC or up toward brain
e.g. pyramidal tract - continuation of the corticospinal motor tract from all the way up at motor cortex

54
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 pairs
formed by merging of dorsal and ventral roots
divide into dorsal and ventral ramus - which has both afferent and efferent fibers
motor fiber cell bodies - in ventral horn of spinal cord
sensory fiber cell bodies - in ganglia at sensory organ
8 cervical (c 1-4 phrenic nerve– diaphragm)
(C5-8 and T1 -brachial plexus -chest & upper limb)
12 thoracic (intercostal nerves - from T1-11 -innervate muscles of the ribs; T6-12 supply abdominal muscles)
5 lumbar
5 saccral
1 coccygeal

55
Q

Spinal cord motor neurons

A

alpha motoneurons - influenced by the pyramidal system
gamma motoneurons - influenced by the extrapyramidal system
muscle spindle afferent - afferent fiber back to the motoneuron to complete a reflex arc
this interaction is the way certain reflexes can occur based on feedback from the afferent fiber to the motoneuron
Sensory in, motor out

organic (2 decks)

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