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Level 3 > Oregon > Flashcards

Oregon Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of Oregon vineyards are certified sustainable?

A

47%

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2
Q

Where are most of Oregon’s vineyards located?

A

In the western part of the state, just inland from the Pacific Ocean. The Coast Range provides some protection from Pacific influences.

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3
Q

What are the soils like in Oregon?

A

Free-draining, marine sedimentary, volcanic and loess

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4
Q

The Umpqua Valley AVA sits at the confluence of which three mountain ranges?

A
  • Coast Range (to the west)
  • Cascade Range (to the east)
  • Klamath Mountains
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5
Q

What are the two main AVAs in Southern Oregon and their three sub-AVAs?

A
  • Umpqua Valley AVA
    * Elkton Oregon AVA
    * Red Hill Douglas County AVA
  • Rogue Valley AVA
    * Applegate Valley AVA
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6
Q

Describe the routes to market for Oregon wine

A
  • around 25% DTC
    * Tasting rooms 14%
    * Wine club 6.5%
    * Online/phone 2%
  • 16% in Oregon
    * retail
    * hospitality
  • 60% elsewhere in US
  • 2.5% exported
    * Canada
    * UK
    * Japan
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7
Q

Describe the winemaking techniques for Oregon Pinot Gris

A
  • Made in a range of styles
  • Dry to off-dry, current trend towards drier styles
  • Whole bunch pressing and fermentation in stainless steel to produce fruity wines
  • Skin contact, old barrel maturation, lees contact to increase complexity and texture
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8
Q

What are the soils like in Chehalem Mountains AVA?

A

Mixed types including volcanic basalt, loess, sedimentary

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9
Q

When and where was the first modern vineyard planted with V. vinifera in Oregon established?

A

1961, near Roseburg, south of today’s vineyards

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10
Q

Soils in Van Duzer Corridor AVA

A

Marine sediment loam and silt, shallow and well-draining

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11
Q

How many sub-AVAs does Willamette Valley have?

What percentage of Oregon vineyareds are within Willamette Valley?

A

7

68%

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12
Q

What was Oregon’s production in 2018?

A

4.6m cases

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13
Q

Describe the topography of Ribbon Ridge AVA and its general climate

A

Ribbon ridge is an island-like ridge that rises about 200m from the Chehalem Valley floor in the west of the Chehalem Mountains AVA.

Vineyards are planted at low altitude and protected from the wind by the surrounding ranges.

Warm, dry growing area.

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14
Q

What factors combine to create a diversity of vineyard sites in Umpqua Valley?

A
  • three mountain ranges (Coast, Cascade, Klamath)
  • Umqua River and its tributaries
  • result in a range of altitudes (50-400m), aspects and soils
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15
Q

Describe the climate of Rogue River Valley

A
  • Warmest and driest in Oregon due to southerly latitude and protection from Pacific
  • Cooling influences include altitudes 250-950m in the Klamath and Cascades and cool afternoon and evening breezes drawn through the Rogue River Valley
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16
Q

What is Willamette Valley AVA’s most planted sub-AVA?

A

Chehalem Mountains AVA

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17
Q

Describe the topography and climate of Dundee Hills AVA

A
  • Series of volcanic hills running north to south with lateral ridges that run east to west
  • 60m - 325m altitude (higher than the rest of Willamette, maintaining acidity)
  • Sheltered from cold, wet weather by Coast Range to west and to the north by Chehalem mountains; warmer than other AVAs
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18
Q

How many wineries does Oregon have?

What percentage of US wineries?

A

800

8%

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19
Q

What are the three AVAs that cross the border between Oregon and Washington?

A
  • Walla Walla Valley (one sub-AVA)
  • Columbia Valley
  • Columbia Gorge
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20
Q

Where is Walla Walla Valley AVA located?

A
  • 2/3 in Washington, but 1/3 stretches into Eastern Oregon
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21
Q

Describe the location of Columbia Gorge AVA

How is the growing environment influenced by its location?

A
  • Columbia Gorge follows a 64km stretch of the Columbia river which forms the boundary between Oregon and Washington
  • The western area of the vineyards are closer to the Pacific Ocean and cooler as a result of the increased influence of cold breezes
  • The eastern areas are warmer and drier
  • Altitude (up to 600m) provides cooling influence
  • Winds funneled through the gorge

*because of the diverse range of growing conditions, a wide range of var

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22
Q

What are the most planted varieties in Southern Oregon

A
  • Pinot Noir (40%, less dominant than in Willamette)
  • Pinot Gris
  • Syrah
  • Cabernet Sauvignon
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23
Q

Describe the location and topography of Yamhill-Carlton AVA

A

Located in the northwest of the Willamette Valley AVA, in the foothills of the Coast Range.

Vineyards are located in a south-facing bowl and planted on south-facing slopes 60-300m.

The Coast Range casts a rain shadow here leading to a warm, sheltered area.

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24
Q

What is the defining feature of Chehalem Mountains AVA?

A

A ridge in northern Willamette Valley, 32kmx8km stretching from southeast to northwest. The ridge includes several discrete spurs, mountains and ridges.

Vines are planted between 60 and 305m altitude.

The highest part of the ridge (500m) serves as a windbreak.

Range in altitude, aspect and soils lead to a diversity of vineyard sites.

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25
Q

Describe the location and topography of Eola-Amity Hills AVA

A

East of Van Duzer Corridor in the Willamette Valley.

Ridge of north-south hills of shallow rocky volcanic basalt over sedimentray soils. Vineyards planted at 75-250m.

As Van Duzer Corridor is low-lying, many vineyard sites in Eola-Amity Hills receive the same cooling Pacific winds, slowing ripening. However, there is a wide range of altitudes and aspects, including vineyards that are sheltered.

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26
Q

Significant producers of Oregon Pinot Noir

A

Cristom
Bergström Wines
Evening Land

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27
Q

How do Pinot Noirs from Yamhill-Carlton compare to other Willamette Valley Pinot Noirs?

A

They tend to have riper fruit flavor, fuller body and lower acidity than many of the cooler AVAs (eg Van Duzer Corridor) due to the warm growing environment.

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28
Q

Why is the northern area of Umpqua Valley cooler than the central and southern areas?

How does this affect the varieties grown in these areas?

A
  • Colder due to more northerly latitude and cool afternoon breezes through the Umqua River Gorge
  • Northerly area produces mostly Pinot Noir and whites Pinot Gris, Gewürztraminer, Riesling
  • Central/southern areas warmer and produce Syrah, Merlot, Tempranillo
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29
Q

How many hectares are planted in Southern Oregon AVA?

A

3,265ha

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30
Q

What is Walla Walla Valley AVA’s most planted grape variety?

What percentage of plantings does it represent?

What are the next two most planted varieties?

A
  • Cabernet Sauvignon
  • 40%
  • Merlot & Syrah
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31
Q

What are the seven AVAs within Willamette Valley AVA?

A
  • Dundee Hills
  • Chehalem Mountains
  • Ribbon Ridge
  • Yamhill-Carlton District
  • Van Duzer Corridor
  • Eola-Amity Hills
  • McMinnville
32
Q

How many wineries are there in Willamette Valley AVA?

A

almost 600

33
Q

What is Oregon’s second largest growing region?

A

Southern Oregon AVA

34
Q

Describe the climate of the Willamette Valley

A

The region is separated from the Pacific Ocean by the Coast Range to its west. However, parts of the valley are nonetheless affected by the cold Pacific winds.

The valley is one of the coolest, wettest parts of Oregon but summers and falls are still warm and dry with high hours of sunshine.

Air rises from warm interior of Central Oregon which causes cool air to be sucked inland from the Pacific, causing high diurnal range, particularly earlier in the day in Van Duzer Corridor, Eola-Amity Hills and to a lesser extent McMinnville.

Lack of humidity in the air during the growing season means temperatures can rise and fall quickly.

35
Q

What varieties are grown in Rogue River Valley AVA?

A
  • Merlot
  • Cabernet Sauvignon
  • Syrah
  • Tempranillo
  • Pinot Noir
36
Q

What is unique about the Rocks District of Milton-Freewater sub-AVA of Walla Walla Valley AVA?

A
  • Soils are basalt stones and graveled silt loam
  • Stones absorb heat and radiate it into the vine, leading to extra ripeness
37
Q

What percentage of US wine production comes from Oregon?

A

1.4%

38
Q

What percentage of Oregon wine is made with estate-grown fruit?

A

52%

39
Q

What is unique about the soils in Dundee Hills AVA?

A
  • Highest proportion of red iron-rich clay formed from volcanic basalt
  • Good water-holding capacity, important in Oregon due to its dry summers
  • Vines avoid shutting down so grapes ripen fully
40
Q

What is the general climate in Oregon?

What are the major climactic influences?

A

Cool to moderate maritime

Latitude (42-46N) - long daylight hours in summer and autumn aid ripening
Cold ocean currents, winds from the Pacific

41
Q

If a wine states Oregon on the label, what percentage of the grapes must come from Oregon?

A

100%

42
Q

Describe the general winemaking techniques for Oregon Pinot Noir

A
  • Varies depending on producer
  • Increased use of whole bunch
  • Some producers use ambient yeast
  • Experimentation with alternative maturation/fermentation vessels eg concrete eggs, amphorae
  • Majority of wines aged in oak, proportion of new oak decreasing
43
Q

What soil types are present in Southern Oregon?

A
  • Marine sedimentary (high proportion of clay)
  • volcanic (high proportion of clay)
  • alluvial (more free-draining)
44
Q

Oregon is the US’ ____ largest wine producing state

A

4th

45
Q

Which AVA crosses the border between Oregon and Idaho?

A

Snake River Valley AVA

46
Q

If an Oregon wine states an AVA on the label, what percentage of the grapes must have come from that appellation?

A

95%

47
Q

Describe the climate in Walla Walla Valley AVA

A
  • Arid
  • Hot dry summers
  • Continental

Allows black grapes to ripen fully

48
Q

Describe the location and climate of McMinnville AVA

A

Located between Yamhill-Carlton AVA to the north and Van Duzer Corridor to the south and influenced by both areas.

Some areas are in the rain shadow of the Coast Range (warmer)
Other areas more affected by winds through the Van Duzer Corridor (cooler)

49
Q

Expected style, quality and price of Oregon Pinot Gris

A
  • Medium to full body
  • Medium to medium+ acidity
  • Pear, peach, melon
  • Sometimes honeyed/nutty note
  • Quality Good to Very Good
  • PriceMid
50
Q

Describe the style, quality and price of Oregon Chardonnay

A
  • Medium+ acidity
  • Medium+ body
  • Lemon, peach fruit
  • Whole bunch pressing, followed by fermentation in oak, with a high proportion of old oak, common
  • Full malolactic conversion and lees contact common
  • Lees often left without stirring to promote production of reductive struck match character
  • Good to Very Good Quality
  • Mid to Premium Price
51
Q

What is the most planted grape in Oregon?

What is the second most planted?

What other varieties are widely planted?

A

Pinot Noir, 57% all plantings

Pinot Gris, however plantings are decreasing in favor of Chardonnay

Syrah, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Riesling

52
Q

Where is Rogue River Valley located?

A
  • In the southernmost part of the Southern Oregon AVA, closest to the California border
53
Q

Describe the soils in Ribbon Ridge AVA

A

Relatively deep sedimentary soil which is low in nutrients (helping to control vigor) while having moderate water-holding capacity, important in a region with little access to irrigation water.

54
Q

What are the soils like on the valley floor in Willamette Valley AVA?

Which grape variety is best suited to these soils?

A

Fertile loam on the valley floor and up to 60m altitude, left behind by floods in the Columbia Gorge several thousand years ago.

Pinot Gris
Where Pinot Noir is grown, its vigor must be managed eg Scott Henry

55
Q

If an Oregon wine states a variety on the label, what percentage of the grapes must be that variety?

A

90%

56
Q

The number of wineries in Oregon has expanded ____ in the last 20 years

A

fivefold

57
Q

What percentage of the United States’ Demeter biodynamic-certified vineyards are found in Oregon?

A

52%

58
Q

Why do many Oregon producers dry farm?

A
  • Legislation prevents all but the oldest producers from using rivers for irrigation.
  • Therefore, if they wish to irrigate, producers would need to build ponds to collect rainwater over winter in order to do so.
  • Because most Oregon grape growers only have small holdings, the cost of installing and maintating irrigation infrastructure is too high to be economical
  • Producers therefore dry farm where rainfall and soils permit
59
Q

What Pinot Noir clones are commonly used in Oregon?

A
  • Wadenswil
  • Pommard
  • Dijon

Wadenswil & Pommard traditional for the area. Dijon clones introduced in 1980s allowed better choice for growers.

Some producers use a selection whereas other growers bottle single clonal wines.

60
Q

What kind of organization dominates the Oregon wine industry?

A

Small, family-run estates, some of which are now 5th generation

61
Q

What Chardonnay clones are commonly used in Oregon?

A

California clones such as Wente and 108 originally proved hard to ripen in Oregon.

Early-ripening Dijon clones now used. Their introduction has increased clonal diversity and allowed better matching of site and desired style to clone.

With climate change, some producers returning to heritage California clones rather than the early-ripening Dijon clones.

62
Q

Expected style of Oregon Pinot Noir
Quality
Price

A
  • Medium+ acidity
  • Medium to medium+ tannins
  • Often high alcohol
  • Red cherry and raspberry to black cherry and plum
  • Good to outstanding quality
  • Premium priced, some super-premium
63
Q

Describe the climate of Southern Oregon

A
  • Southern Oregon warmer than Willamette due to lower latitude
  • Cooling influences come from the mountains: altitude and cool air descending at night
  • River valleys (eg Rogue River Valley, Umqua River Gorge) channel cool breezes in afternoons and evenings
  • high diurnal range
  • Low rainfall during growing season means irrigation is essential*

*dry farmed sites likely to be planted to Rhône varieties rather than Pi

64
Q

How many AVAs are there in Oregon?

A
  • 15 wholly within the state
  • 4 that cross borders
65
Q

Describe the soils found in Yamhill-Carlton AVA?

A

Free-draining, sedimentary

66
Q

What is the average annual rainfall in Oregon?

When does it mostly fall?

A

Can be high in many regions, eg over 1,000mm/annum in Willamette, the wettest region

Falls mostly in winter, eg only 200mm in the summer in Willamette

67
Q

Where is Willamette Valley AVA located?

What is the total size of the appellation and how much of that is planted?

A

South of Portland, western part of Oregon. 80km from the Pacific Ocean.

Over 1.3million ha, 9,900ha planted
Oregon’s largest AVA

68
Q

What are the soils like on higher altitude sites in the Willamette Valley?

What training systems are used there?

A

Mixture of marine sedimentary (eg sandstone), volcanic basalt and loess; generall lower in fertility than the valley floor

Cordon-pruned or replacement-cane-pruned with VSP trellising

69
Q

How do Pacific winds affect the growing environment in Van Duzer Corridor AVA?

A
  • Cools the vineyard in what would normally be warmest part of day
  • Can disrupt flowering and fruit set early in growing season (can lower yields)
  • Later in season, can cause vine stomata to shut and slow ripening
  • Cooling wind slows ripening, helping to retain acidity and slow sugar accumulation while aroma/flavor compounds develop
  • Reduces disease pressure
70
Q

Is Oregon suitable for sustainable and organic grape growing?

A

Yes, winds and low rainfall during the growing season reduce pressure from fungal disease.

71
Q

What tasting put Oregon on the map?

A

1979 Wine Olympics blind tasting when David Lett’s 1975 Eyrie Vineyards Reserve Pinot Noir placed 10th against other Pinot Noirs from around the world

A rematch organized Burgundy winemaker Robert Drouhin led to the wine placing second against Drouhin’s 1959 Chambolle-Musigny. However, this ultimately led to the establishment of Domaine Drouhin Oregon in the Willammette Valley.

Other Burgundy winemakers have since followed suit.

72
Q

How many sub-AVAs does Southern Oregon AVA have?

What percentage of Oregon vineyards are within Southern Oregon AVA?

A

5

25%

73
Q

How is ‘estate-bottled’ defined in Oregon?

A
  • Must have been made from 100% grapes grown in that winery’s AVA
  • Fully finished at the estate
74
Q

What are some voluntary sustainability programs in Oregon?

A
  • Oregon Tilth (organics)
  • Salmon-Safe
  • LIVE (Low Input Viticulture and Enology) Certified Sustainable
  • Deep Roots Coalition
75
Q

Where is Van Duzer Corridor AVA?

What is a major climactic influence here?

A

Located toward the southwest of the Willamette Valley.

A gap in the Coast Range funnels in Pacific Ocean winds in the afternoon.

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