Orders of the 12th Century

Question 1

St. Bruno of Cologne + Carthusians

Answer 1

(1030/35–1101) founded the Carthusians (1084). mountain valley of La Chartreuse with 6 other companions to start a monastery. one in Calabria and another, “St. Stephen in the Wood,” where he died in 1101. They are called “the silent monks,” and their number has never been high. They live in prayer and interior recollection, with a spirit of true devotion and interior strength.

Question 2

Robert of Molesine + Cistercians

Answer 2

The Cistercians were founded in 1098 by Robert of Molesine (d. 1111) and 20 companions, who were under the guidance of St. Bruno of Cologne, in the desert monastery of Citeaux, observing a strict reform of the Benedictine rule. apostolic poverty, solitude, duty to prayer, and hard­manual labor.

Question 3

Bernard of Clairvaux

Answer 3

(1090­1153) He joined Citeaux in 1112, bringing with him no less than 30 others Bernard became the abbot of Clairvaux, grew from the original 12 to 700. sanctification and spiritualization of Benedictine monasticism ­wrote the rule of the Knights of the Temple (the Templars).­almost single­handedly ended the Papal schism which started in 1130.­destroyed a developing heresy and converted its leader, ­helped launch the 2nd crusade

Question 4

St. Norbert of Xanten

Answer 4

1082­1134) in 1115, he had a St. Paul­like conversion: during a thunderstorm, he was thrown from his horse and heard a voice calling him to “turn from evil and do good.” He was ordained a priest and made a canon of Cologne cathedral ­In 1120, he founded the Premonstratensian order at León, a community of canons (priests that are connected to the cathedral) who lived the Rule of St. Augustine. sanctification of the clergy, the care of souls, and preaching among the people. ­By 1156, the new order had over 100 communities.

Question 5

Mendicant Orders

Answer 5

were different to all other previous orders because they did not live off the fruits of an endowment, but on the alms of the faithful. conflict with local clergy because better educated and preachers, end of the 1200’s, the Franciscans numbered around 40,000 and the Dominicans around 15,000.

Question 6

St. Francis of Assisi

Answer 6

St. Francis of Assisi and the Friars Minor: “Francis, go and rebuild my Church, which collapses.” At the age of 25, get approval of pope to make order 1226­ Francis dies. Two years later, he is canonized.

Question 7

St. Dominic De Guzman

Answer 7

St Dominic de Guzman and the Order of Friars Preachers: pope asked him to convert people in southern france Dominic fostered the devotion of the rosary, easily prayed during his itinerant preaching travels 1217 > the approval of the Order of Friars Preachers, which adopted the Augustinian rule. The Dominicans numbered 16 and were all studious men, preachers, and poor. 1220 > Dominic approved the decision that the order renounce all property and real estate.­Dominic founded monasteries in major university towns (Rome, Paris, Bologna), and Dominicans soon became teachers at them. (And founded the Universities of Oxford and Cologne)­Died in 1226.

Question 8

Carmelites

Answer 8

Mount Carmel in the Holy Land. Crusades helped increase their numbers. defeat in the Crusades (1235) and developed in the West, and grew toward the ideals of the mendicants: poverty, pastoral service, silence, meditation, fasting, and devotion to Our Lady. The order was recognized in 1274 by the 2nd Council of Lyon, and in 1298 by Pope Boniface VIII.

Question 9

Hermits of Augustine

Answer 9

Formed after Pope Innocent IV invited the communities of hermits in Tuscany to form a single religious order according to the Rule of St. Augustine, in 1243. ­1244 > the hermits formed a chapter in Rome, thus starting the Order of St. Augustine. “Augustinians” became a mendicant order and comprised 180 convents in Italy, Austria, Germany, Spain, France, Switzerland, the Low Countries, Portugal, Hungary, Bohemia, and England.

Question 10

Servants of Mary

Answer 10

Originated in Florence as a group of lay penitents dedicated to service of the sick in a hospital dedicated to Our Lady. In 1240 the bishop of Florence made them accept the rule of St. Augustine. They founded convents from Florence to Siena, Among the first generation of men Servites, a group of 7 were the object of devotion. They were canonized in 1888 by Leo XIII as the Seven Most Holy Founders.