Into to Medioevo Flashcards
Transition period
500-700
early middle ages
700-1050
high middle ages
1050-1300
late middle ages
1300-1500
end of middle ages
1500
qualities of medioevo
fusion between antiquity, Christianity, and Germanism.
- barbarians or young peoples inherited the ancient world under the Church’s tutilage
- the Church brought the Gospel, but also the latin language and elements of culture
Germanization of Western Christianity – Early middle ages
- Rural more important than metropolitan church
- proprietary churches (benefices) owned by the Lord
- classes in the Church mimicked feudalism
- Christian knighthood
- Sacred Kingship
- territorial churches (late middle ages)
- Lay investiture
High Middle Ages
- gregorian reform (don’t need to know)
- papacy as center of Christendom
- growth of heresy, struggle against imperial power
late middle ages
○ Ascent of the Nation State
○ Growth of individualism
○ Emergence of the laity
○ Theological crises (via antiqua vs. via moderna)
Structure of Medieval West
● 496-700. Transition from chaos to Church-barbarian teamwork
● 700-1050. Spread of Germanism.
○ Rural structure
○ National identity/lay investiture/mixing of temporal/ecclesial power ○ Ecclesial class system
○ Christian Calvary
○ Sacred Kingship/Divine Right
● 1050-1300. The High Middle Ages
○ Fight for reform, against lay investiture
○ Crusades unite Europe
○ Popes fight Henry IV, Frederick Barberossa
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● 1300-1500. Christendom starts to dissolve.
○ Individualism
○ Nationalism
○ Humanism
○ Occam’s Philosophy/nominalism/the dissolution of the philosophical
presuppositions of the Western culture
○ Conciliarism
Birth of the Christian Republic
● Attila the Hun threatens, displace Visigoths into Roman territory, 410, Aleric sacks Rome
● Attila himself arrives, Leo the Great sends him away, 451
● Vandals arrive from N. Africa, take control of Italy
● 476-Germanics own the west, but Justinian (Emperor of East) sends mercenary who
restores Italy to Catholic rulers
● As a result, the Goths became united against the Catholics as Arians
● This ended in 496, when Clovis, king of the Franks, became Catholic
Germans and the Church
● conversions were often superficial and inauthentic, a lasting Christianization of the Germanic people was a very slow and arduous process.
● Christian germanization- rural church, church owned by a person, ecclesiastical system rank, christian knight, holy king-ship, territorial churches, lay investiture (emperor picks bishops)
Irish-Scottish Missions
● The first Christians on European continent were Scots/Irish (pre 400)
● 431 was first mission, Pope Celestine I sent deacon Palladio
● St. Patrick–missionary bishop of Ireland, 432-death
● Monasteries shaped rural European life, ecclesial cummunites centered here
(Church went from metropolitan to rural, partially due to the collapse of inter-city travel due to highway degradation)
a. St. Finian - at Clonard
b. St. Colomba the Old - in Durrow west of Dublin and also at Derry in the north
c. St. Congallo
d. St. Brendan - at Clonfert
e. St. Kevin - at Glendalough (“the valley of the two lakes”)
● Celibacy, liturgy of the hours was the Irish way, later Europe would immitate
● Private confession, mortification of the flesh, manuals for confessors,
penitential manuals were written.
● Scots/Irish monks would take pilgrimmages to Europe for penance, would
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evangelize without trying to
● St. Columban the young: 12 pilgrimage companions, founded 5 monasteries, and
wasn’t afraid to criticize the royal court’s immorality. a. He brought Irish monasticism deep into Europe.
Christianity in Britain
● Council of Arles in 314 had 3 british bishops, 407 roman legions leave, In 596, Pope St. Gregory the Great sent the prior Augustine along with 40 other monks to re-Christianize England Augustine baptized King Ethelbert of Kent and 10,000 of his subjects, settled in canterbury
● 678 wilfred bishop of York made pilgrimage to Rome, joined by St willibrord later as bishop to create episcopal see in Utrecht (Boniface 672-754 under willibrord)
Winfrid Boniface – Christian West
● WinfridBoniface, the Apostle of Germany was raised by Benedictines at Exeter and Nhutscelle and educated by them.
● 716First Unsuccessful mission to Frisia
● 718 Second mission; he never returned to England
● 719: (1st Rome trip) Pope gave him missionary faculties, sent him to the Rhine
● Reconverted the Germans, reordered the continental Church
● 721 Baptized thousands of Hesse and Thuringia after being sent there by the Pope
● 722 (second Rome trip) Returned to Rome, was made bishop of the Germans east of the
Rhine, Boniface took the oath of obedience to the Pope that was normally only made by Roman bishops.
○ Killed local holy tree, made a chapel out that tree.
○ founded monestaries
● 731741: (3rd Rome trip): Made dioceses, founded monasteries, reformed the clergy,
and strengthened ties to Rome
● Charles Martel was Catholic, but he didn’t care about doctrine. His two sons,
Charlemagne and Pepin were very devout. The latter two called a synod
● Concilium Germanicum primum, 742: clergy to live like canons (no wenches, hunting, or
dressing casual if you were in authority). Monks had to live under the Rule of St.
Benedict.
● Killed by heathens (754)
● Called the Apostle to Germany for his reform of the Frankish church.
