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Orbit and Eyes (neuroanatomy) Flashcards

1
Q

The supraorbital margin is formed by

A

the frontal bone

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2
Q

The inferiorbital margin is formed by

A

the zygomatic bone laterally and the maxilla medially

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3
Q

Which foraminae lie at the apex of the orbit?

A

superior orbital fissure and optic canal (more medial)

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4
Q

What bones comprise the roof of the orbit?

A

frontal bone and lesser wing of sphenoid

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5
Q

What bones comprise the floor of the orbit?

A

maxilla, zygomatic, and palatine

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6
Q

What bones comprise the lateral wall of the orbit?

A

zygomatic, greater wing of sphenoid

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7
Q

What bones comprise the medial wall of the orbit?

A

maxilla, lacrimal bone, ethmoid, body of sphenoid

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8
Q

Most blowout fractures in the orbit occur to the ________ wall, especially the _______ bones

A

medial wall; lacrimal bone and ethmoid (v thin)

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9
Q

The outermost layer of the eye is made of the

A

sclera (5/6ths) and cornea (anterior 1/6th)

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10
Q

The function of the outermost layer of the eye is

A

to provide structure, maintain the shape of the globe, resist internal and external forces, and provide attachments for the extraoccular muscles

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11
Q

The sclera is tough because it contains

A

collagen laid down in whorls

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12
Q

The role of the cornea is

A

refraction of light (60%)

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13
Q

The cornea is clear because

A

it is avascular and the collagen is highly organized

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14
Q

Water balance in the cornea is controlled by

A

endothelial cells (base of stroma)

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15
Q

The stroma of the cornea is continuous with the

A

sclera

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16
Q

Collagen fibrils in the stroma of the cornea are

A

uniform in diameter and evenly spaced; run parallel to each other in bundles (lamellae); 200-300 lamellae in stroma; adjacent lamellae lie at angles to each other

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17
Q

T/F damage to the corneal epithelium produces a scar

A

False; only damage to the stroma (collagen) deep to the epithelium would produce a scar

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18
Q

T/F an injury penetrating the corneal stroma will cause a scar

A

True; disruption of the highly ordered collagen will likely cause a scar on healing

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19
Q

The anterior chamber lies

A

posterior to the cornea, anterior to the iris

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20
Q

The anterior angle is formed by

A

iris and cornea

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21
Q

What is the function of the anterior angle?

A

outflow region for fluid (aqueous humour) made inside the eye to drain from

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22
Q

Aqueous humour is made

A

in the eye, it exits via the pupil into the anterior chamber

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23
Q

Blockage of the anterior angle results in

A

blockage of aqueous humour outflow from the anterior chamber causing glaucoma

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24
Q

What is the passage of aqueous humour flow?

A

made by epithelial-like cells lining ciliary processes, from the eye goes through the pupil, drains through the trabecular meshwork (between pupil and cornea) into the canal of Schlemm and to the venous system

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25
The middle layer of the eyeball is called
Uvea
26
What is the function of the uvea?
vascular and nutritional supply for the eye
27
The uvea is formed by what 3 structures?
ciliary body (behind anterior angle), choroid (behind the retina/back of eye), and iris
28
What is the function of the ciliary body?
epithelial-like cells of ciliary processes form aqueous humour; ciliary processes tether the lens via zonules (ligaments); contains ciliary muscle for focusing the lens
29
Zonules
ligaments from ciliary body attaching to the lens, responsible for accomodation
30
Ciliary muscle is innervated by
PSNS
31
What type of muscle is ciliary muscle?
smooth therefore involuntary
32
What muscle is responsible for accommodation by the lens?
ciliary muscle (focussing)
33
The ciliary muscle is a _________ muscle, innervated by the __________ nervous system, and is responsible for __________
sphincter; PS; focusing/accommodating lens
34
Contraction of the ciliary muscle causes the zonules to become ________ and the lens to ________, optimal for _________ vision
relaxed; bulged/fat; near vision eg reading
35
Relaxation of the ciliary muscle causes the zonules to become ________ and the lens to ________, optimal for _________ vision
taught; thin; distance vision
36
Presbyopia
loss of lens accommodation with age - becomes inflexible; tx with reading glasses
37
The iris forms the ________ of the eye
aperture (also pupil)
38
What muscles act on the pupil?
Sphincter pupillae (constriction, PS w/III) and dilator pupillae (dilation, SNS)
39
Sphincter pupillae ______ the pupil and is innervated by the ___________
constricts; PSNS w/IIII
40
Dilator pupillae _________ the pupil and is innervated by the ___________
dilates; SNS
41
The choroid is located
at the back of the eye, between the sclera (outer layer) and retina (inner layer), part of the uvea (with ciliary body and iris)
42
The choroid is comprised of
3 layers of big, little, and tiny blood vessels
43
What is the function of the chorioid of the eye?
Provides nutrition and blood supply to the outer retina and the neurons (photoreceptors)
44
Choriocapillaris
most important capillary of the choroid, supplies retinal photoreceptors
45
The most inner layer of the eye is the
retina
46
T/F the macula and fovea are associated with blood vessels
False; there are no blood vessels in the area of the macula and the fovea
47
Orra serrata
edge of retina
48
What is the function of the fovea?
Specialized for high visual acuity
49
What are the structural features of the retina that specialize it for high visual acuity?
avascular (nutrients from choroid); high density of cones but no rods; only a layer of photoreceptors (no overlying retinal neurons and ganglion cells) - highest density of photoreceptors are in this region
50
T/F the fovea contains rods and cones
False; it contains only cones
51
The optic nerve is formed from
axons of ganglion cells coming out of the eye and into the optic nerve
52
What is the lamina cribosa?
1/3 fibres of the sclera that continue across through where the optic nerve enters the sclera; it creates a sieve like structure for the axons of the optic nerve
53
What is the clinical significance of the lamina cribosa?
In disease, it can exacerbate loss of ganglion cells eg glaucoma, high intraoccular pressure can push out the lamina cribosa causing damage to the axons passing through it
54
A 'curtain coming down' is a clinical symptom of
retinal arterial occlusion
55
All blood supply to the orbit comes from the _________ artery, which is a branch of the ________ artery
Opthalmic artery; first branch of ICA
56
The first branch of the opthalmic artery is the
central retinal artery
57
The blood vessels seen through the opthalmoscope are
the CRA branches
58
The second branch of the opthalmic artery is
the ciliary arteries
59
The posterior ciliary arteries
pierce the back of the eyeball around the optic nerve and travel in the choroid (long and short)
60
The anterior ciliary arteries
do not pierce the eyeball; instead they travel with muscular arteries to the front of the eyeball
61
The blood vessels of the choroid are formed from
the posterior ciliary arteries
62
The posterior ciliary arteries supply
photoreceptors via choroid
63
The central retinal arteries supply
inner retinal neurons/inner retinal layers only (not the entire retina)
64
The anterior ciliary arteries supply
anterior structures and conjunctiva
65
Short posterior ciliary arteries supply
optic nerve head and photoreceptors nearby
66
Long posterior ciliary arteries supply
photoreceptors of the retina all the way around, and anterior structures
67
The eyelids represent a transition zone between ________ and _________
conjunctiva (mucous membrane) and skin
68
What are the two muscles of the eyelids?
orbicularis oculi (facial) and levator palpebrae superiosis (upper eyelid)
69
In addition to the two muscles, eyelids contain
the lacrimal apparatus: lacrimal gland and ducts, nasolacrimal sac and ducts
70
What is the function of levator palpebrae superiosis?
elevation of the upper lid
71
Levator palpebrae superiosis is innervated by
CN III
72
Orbicularis oculi is innervated by
CN VII
73
What is the function of orbicularis oculi?
sphincter muscle tf closes the eye/depresses upper lid
74
Both the levator palpebrae superiosis and orbicularis oculi muscles are what kind of muscle?
striated

Neuroscience (15 decks)

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