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Neuroscience > Orbit and Eyes (neuroanatomy) > Flashcards

Orbit and Eyes (neuroanatomy) Flashcards

1
Q

The supraorbital margin is formed by

A

the frontal bone

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2
Q

The inferiorbital margin is formed by

A

the zygomatic bone laterally and the maxilla medially

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3
Q

Which foraminae lie at the apex of the orbit?

A

superior orbital fissure and optic canal (more medial)

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4
Q

What bones comprise the roof of the orbit?

A

frontal bone and lesser wing of sphenoid

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5
Q

What bones comprise the floor of the orbit?

A

maxilla, zygomatic, and palatine

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6
Q

What bones comprise the lateral wall of the orbit?

A

zygomatic, greater wing of sphenoid

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7
Q

What bones comprise the medial wall of the orbit?

A

maxilla, lacrimal bone, ethmoid, body of sphenoid

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8
Q

Most blowout fractures in the orbit occur to the ________ wall, especially the _______ bones

A

medial wall; lacrimal bone and ethmoid (v thin)

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9
Q

The outermost layer of the eye is made of the

A

sclera (5/6ths) and cornea (anterior 1/6th)

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10
Q

The function of the outermost layer of the eye is

A

to provide structure, maintain the shape of the globe, resist internal and external forces, and provide attachments for the extraoccular muscles

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11
Q

The sclera is tough because it contains

A

collagen laid down in whorls

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12
Q

The role of the cornea is

A

refraction of light (60%)

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13
Q

The cornea is clear because

A

it is avascular and the collagen is highly organized

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14
Q

Water balance in the cornea is controlled by

A

endothelial cells (base of stroma)

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15
Q

The stroma of the cornea is continuous with the

A

sclera

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16
Q

Collagen fibrils in the stroma of the cornea are

A

uniform in diameter and evenly spaced; run parallel to each other in bundles (lamellae); 200-300 lamellae in stroma; adjacent lamellae lie at angles to each other

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17
Q

T/F damage to the corneal epithelium produces a scar

A

False; only damage to the stroma (collagen) deep to the epithelium would produce a scar

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18
Q

T/F an injury penetrating the corneal stroma will cause a scar

A

True; disruption of the highly ordered collagen will likely cause a scar on healing

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19
Q

The anterior chamber lies

A

posterior to the cornea, anterior to the iris

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20
Q

The anterior angle is formed by

A

iris and cornea

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21
Q

What is the function of the anterior angle?

A

outflow region for fluid (aqueous humour) made inside the eye to drain from

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22
Q

Aqueous humour is made

A

in the eye, it exits via the pupil into the anterior chamber

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23
Q

Blockage of the anterior angle results in

A

blockage of aqueous humour outflow from the anterior chamber causing glaucoma

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24
Q

What is the passage of aqueous humour flow?

A

made by epithelial-like cells lining ciliary processes, from the eye goes through the pupil, drains through the trabecular meshwork (between pupil and cornea) into the canal of Schlemm and to the venous system

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25
Q

The middle layer of the eyeball is called

A

Uvea

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26
Q

What is the function of the uvea?

A

vascular and nutritional supply for the eye

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27
Q

The uvea is formed by what 3 structures?

A

ciliary body (behind anterior angle), choroid (behind the retina/back of eye), and iris

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28
Q

What is the function of the ciliary body?

A

epithelial-like cells of ciliary processes form aqueous humour; ciliary processes tether the lens via zonules (ligaments); contains ciliary muscle for focusing the lens

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29
Q

Zonules

A

ligaments from ciliary body attaching to the lens, responsible for accomodation

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30
Q

Ciliary muscle is innervated by

A

PSNS

31
Q

What type of muscle is ciliary muscle?

A

smooth therefore involuntary

32
Q

What muscle is responsible for accommodation by the lens?

A

ciliary muscle (focussing)

33
Q

The ciliary muscle is a _________ muscle, innervated by the __________ nervous system, and is responsible for __________

A

sphincter; PS; focusing/accommodating lens

34
Q

Contraction of the ciliary muscle causes the zonules to become ________ and the lens to ________, optimal for _________ vision

A

relaxed; bulged/fat; near vision eg reading

35
Q

Relaxation of the ciliary muscle causes the zonules to become ________ and the lens to ________, optimal for _________ vision

A

taught; thin; distance vision

36
Q

Presbyopia

A

loss of lens accommodation with age - becomes inflexible; tx with reading glasses

37
Q

The iris forms the ________ of the eye

A

aperture (also pupil)

38
Q

What muscles act on the pupil?

A

Sphincter pupillae (constriction, PS w/III) and dilator pupillae (dilation, SNS)

39
Q

Sphincter pupillae ______ the pupil and is innervated by the ___________

A

constricts; PSNS w/IIII

40
Q

Dilator pupillae _________ the pupil and is innervated by the ___________

A

dilates; SNS

41
Q

The choroid is located

A

at the back of the eye, between the sclera (outer layer) and retina (inner layer), part of the uvea (with ciliary body and iris)

42
Q

The choroid is comprised of

A

3 layers of big, little, and tiny blood vessels

43
Q

What is the function of the chorioid of the eye?

A

Provides nutrition and blood supply to the outer retina and the neurons (photoreceptors)

44
Q

Choriocapillaris

A

most important capillary of the choroid, supplies retinal photoreceptors

45
Q

The most inner layer of the eye is the

A

retina

46
Q

T/F the macula and fovea are associated with blood vessels

A

False; there are no blood vessels in the area of the macula and the fovea

47
Q

Orra serrata

A

edge of retina

48
Q

What is the function of the fovea?

A

Specialized for high visual acuity

49
Q

What are the structural features of the retina that specialize it for high visual acuity?

A

avascular (nutrients from choroid); high density of cones but no rods; only a layer of photoreceptors (no overlying retinal neurons and ganglion cells) - highest density of photoreceptors are in this region

50
Q

T/F the fovea contains rods and cones

A

False; it contains only cones

51
Q

The optic nerve is formed from

A

axons of ganglion cells coming out of the eye and into the optic nerve

52
Q

What is the lamina cribosa?

A

1/3 fibres of the sclera that continue across through where the optic nerve enters the sclera; it creates a sieve like structure for the axons of the optic nerve

53
Q

What is the clinical significance of the lamina cribosa?

A

In disease, it can exacerbate loss of ganglion cells eg glaucoma, high intraoccular pressure can push out the lamina cribosa causing damage to the axons passing through it

54
Q

A ‘curtain coming down’ is a clinical symptom of

A

retinal arterial occlusion

55
Q

All blood supply to the orbit comes from the _________ artery, which is a branch of the ________ artery

A

Opthalmic artery; first branch of ICA

56
Q

The first branch of the opthalmic artery is the

A

central retinal artery

57
Q

The blood vessels seen through the opthalmoscope are

A

the CRA branches

58
Q

The second branch of the opthalmic artery is

A

the ciliary arteries

59
Q

The posterior ciliary arteries

A

pierce the back of the eyeball around the optic nerve and travel in the choroid (long and short)

60
Q

The anterior ciliary arteries

A

do not pierce the eyeball; instead they travel with muscular arteries to the front of the eyeball

61
Q

The blood vessels of the choroid are formed from

A

the posterior ciliary arteries

62
Q

The posterior ciliary arteries supply

A

photoreceptors via choroid

63
Q

The central retinal arteries supply

A

inner retinal neurons/inner retinal layers only (not the entire retina)

64
Q

The anterior ciliary arteries supply

A

anterior structures and conjunctiva

65
Q

Short posterior ciliary arteries supply

A

optic nerve head and photoreceptors nearby

66
Q

Long posterior ciliary arteries supply

A

photoreceptors of the retina all the way around, and anterior structures

67
Q

The eyelids represent a transition zone between ________ and _________

A

conjunctiva (mucous membrane) and skin

68
Q

What are the two muscles of the eyelids?

A

orbicularis oculi (facial) and levator palpebrae superiosis (upper eyelid)

69
Q

In addition to the two muscles, eyelids contain

A

the lacrimal apparatus: lacrimal gland and ducts, nasolacrimal sac and ducts

70
Q

What is the function of levator palpebrae superiosis?

A

elevation of the upper lid

71
Q

Levator palpebrae superiosis is innervated by

A

CN III

72
Q

Orbicularis oculi is innervated by

A

CN VII

73
Q

What is the function of orbicularis oculi?

A

sphincter muscle tf closes the eye/depresses upper lid

74
Q

Both the levator palpebrae superiosis and orbicularis oculi muscles are what kind of muscle?

A

striated

Neuroscience (15 decks)

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