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Neuroscience > Hearing > Flashcards

Hearing Flashcards

1
Q

Wavelength refers to

A

pitch; short wavelength = high pitch (high frequency)

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2
Q

Amplitude refers to

A

loudness; large amplitude = loud sound

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3
Q

Waveform refers to

A

tone/timbre

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4
Q

What is the function of the pinna?

A

Localization of sound and funnelling of waves into the middle ear

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5
Q

Which ossicle is attached to the tympanic membrane?

A

Malleus

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6
Q

Which ossicle is attached to the oval window?

A

Stapes

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7
Q

What is the general role of the cochlea?

A

transforms physical motion of the oval window into a neural response

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8
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A

match impedance of the air to the impedance of the fluid within the inner ear

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9
Q

What are the 3 chambers of the cochlea?

A

Scala vestibuli
Scala media
Scala tympani

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10
Q

What is the organisation of the basilar membrane with regards to frequency of sound?

A

stiffer at base (oval window) for high frequency sounds; wider and more floppy (like a flipper) at the apex for low frequency sounds

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11
Q

What is the tonotopic organisation of hair cells of the basilar membrane?

A

towards the apex the hair cells will respond to low frequencies; as you move inwards toward the base each hair cell encodes increasing frequency of sound

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12
Q

Where is the organ of corti?

A

Lies on the basilar membrane with the scala media above and the scala tympani below

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13
Q

What is the function of the stereocilia?

A

project from the top of the hair cells to the tectorial membrane above; bending occurs as the basilar membrane moves, causes neuronal signaling

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14
Q

What is the function of the tectorial membrane?

A

As the basilar membrane moves up and down in response to movement of the oval window, shear force movement of the tectorial membrane across the hair cells bends the stereocilia which signals to neurons

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15
Q

Movement of inner hair cell stereocilia towards the kinocilium results in

A

full opening of K+ channels and tf K+ influx and depolarization of the cell; this opens VD-Ca channels (Ca in) leading to release of glutamate (NT)

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16
Q

Movement of inner hair cell stereocilia away from the kinocilium results in

A

full closure of K+ channels and hyperpolarization of the cell, closing VDCCs and stopping glutamate release

17
Q

Displacement relative to the kinocilium favours

A

depolarization; ie depolarizations (moving towards) are much larger than hyperpolarizations (moving away)

18
Q

Depolarization and repolarization of hair cells is dependent on

A

K+

19
Q

The scala media contains

A

endolymph

20
Q

The scala tympani contains

A

perilymph

21
Q

The concentration of K+ in endolymph is

A

high (80mV)

22
Q

The concentration of K+ in perilymph is

A

low (0mV)

23
Q

What is the significance of high [K+] in the scala media?

A

Without it, K+ will not flow into hair cells and cause depolarization when K+ channels open

24
Q

What is unique about neuronal firing in hearing?

A

normally K+ is released in response to depolarization; in the inner ear depolarization depends on K+ influx due to the high [K+] around the hair cells

25
Q

Inner hair cells are

A

major transducers of sound waves to neural signals

26
Q

Outer hair cells

A

amplify movement of the basilar membrane through contraction in response to depolarization and elongation to hyperpolarization

27
Q

How do drugs impact on hearing?

A

inhibit movement of the outer hair cells which decreases movement and therefore amplification of the basilar membrane 100x

28
Q

The superior olivary complex is comprised of

A

medial and lateral superior olives and the trapezoid body

29
Q

How does the MSO localize sound?

A

measures the time that sound arrives at each ear, especially low frequencies

30
Q

Low frequency sounds are lateralized by the

A

MSO

31
Q

High frequency sounds are lateralized by the

A

LSO and inhibition of excitation of the contralateral LSO via the medial nuclei of the trapezoid body

32
Q

How does the LSO localize sound?

A

Sound inputs via the cochlear nuclei in the brainstem activate excitatory signals from LSO up to the brain, as well as an inhibitory signal via the MNTB to the contralateral LSO, inhibiting excitatory input from the opposite ear

33
Q

The auditory cortex is located

A

in Herschls gyrus on the superiolateral temporal lobes

34
Q

Speech sounds are heard in the

A

left hemisphere

35
Q

Environmental sounds are heard in

A

both hemispheres

36
Q

Music is heard in the

A

right hemisphere

Neuroscience (15 decks)

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