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Human Anatomy Exam #4 > Orbit > Flashcards

Orbit Flashcards

1
Q

Which seven bones make up the orbit?

A
  • Frontal
  • Sphenoid
  • Zygomatic
  • Maxilla
  • Lacrimal
  • Ethmoid
  • Palatine
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2
Q

What are the seven passages into the orbit?

A
  • Optic canal
  • Superior orbital fissure
  • Inferior orbital fissure
  • Infraorbital canal
  • Supraorbital notch
  • Nasolacrimal groove
  • Ethmoid foramina
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3
Q

What are the five connective tissues found in the orbit?

A
  • Orbital septum
  • Superior tarsal plate
  • Inferior tarsal plate
  • Medial palpebral ligament
  • Lateral palpebral ligament
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4
Q

What are the five structures that make up the eyelid?

A
  • Orbicularis Oculi (palpebral portion, orbital portion)
  • Orbital septum
  • Superior tarsal plate
  • Inferior tarsal plate
  • Tarsal glands
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5
Q

What is the position of the lacrimal gland in the orbit? What is the flow of tears from the lacrimal gland (5 steps)?

A

Lacrimal gland is located in the superolateral region of the orbit; tears flow from the lacrimal gland > lacrimal puncta > lacrimal canaliculi > lacrimal sac > nasolacrimal duct

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6
Q

What is the parasympathetic pathway for the lacrimal gland (hint: 2 steps)? What is the sympathetic pathway?

A

Lacrimal Gland Parasympathetics:

  1. SYNAPSE in Pterygopalatine Ganglion
  2. Directly to Lacrimal Gland

Sympathetics follow the parasympathetic pathway

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7
Q

What are the two sublayers of the retina in the eyeball and what is a special structural characteristic of each?

A

Within the retina is the…

  • Fovea centralis: highest visual acuity at this point (has no supporting tissue in this area to block the retina)
  • Optic disc: “blind spot” (has no retinal cells)
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8
Q

What are the two muscles of the eye involved in the control of light into the eye? What part of the eye are they found? What is the innervation of each?

A

Iris has two muscles:

  • Sphincter pupillae: parasympathetic innervation
  • Dilator pupillae: sympathetic innervation
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9
Q

What are the two muscles of the eye involved in focus/accommodation of the eye? What part of the eye are they found? What is the innervation of one?

A

Ciliary body has two muscles:

  • Ciliary muscle: parasympathetic innervation
  • Suspensory ligaments of the lens
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10
Q

Explain the process of accommodation, referencing the actions of the two muscles involved (hint: 3 steps)

A
  1. Ciliary muscles contract
  2. Suspensory ligaments of lens slacken
  3. Elastic lens is permitted to return to more spherical shape (preferred)
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11
Q

What is the pathway of light into the eye (five steps), and on what axis does it follow?

A

Follows the Optical axis

  1. Cornea
  2. Iris
  3. Pupil
  4. Lens
  5. Fovea Centralis
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12
Q

From what cranial nerve do the nerves of the orbit come from? What are its ten branches?

A

Ophthalmic branch of V1 from CN V

  • Frontal n.
  • Supratrochlear n.
  • Supraorbital n.
  • Lacrimal n.
  • Nasociliary n.
  • Short ciliary n.
  • Long ciliary n.
  • Ethmoidal nn.
  • Infratrochlear n.
  • External nasal n.
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13
Q

What is the artery of the orbit area, and what artery does it branch from? What six arteries does it branch into?

A

Ophthalmic a. is a branch of the Internal Carotid a.; it branches into:

  • Central artery of retina
  • Lacrimal a.
  • Ciliary aa.
  • Supraorbital a.
  • Ethmoidal a.
  • Dorsal nasal a.
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14
Q

What is the vein of the orbit area and what are its two branches?

A

Ophthalmic v. branches into:

  • Superior Ophthalmic v.
  • Inferior Ophthalmic v.
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15
Q

With orbit sympathetic innervation, what ganglion do preganglionic axons synapse? After synapsing, what two nerves do the postganglionic axons hitchhike on, and what is their final destination (hint: 1 muscle)?

A

Orbit sympathetics:

  • Preganglionic axons synapse in Superior Cervical Ganglion
  • Postganglionic axons hitchhike on Short Ciliary n. and Long Ciliary n. from CN V1 to Dilator Pupillae
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16
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the orbit (5 steps)? What two muscles are the final destination?

A

Orbit Parasympathetics:

  1. Preganglionic (CN III)
  2. SYNPASE in Ciliary Ganglion
  3. Postganglionics hitchhike on Short Ciliary n. (CN V1) to Ciliary Muscle and Sphincter Pupillae
17
Q

What are three common reflexes of the eye that are tested? Describe each

A
  • Pupillary light reflex: increase of light in one eye will result in pupillary contraction of both eyes
  • Accommodation reflex: focus on close objects causes pupillary contraction
  • Corneal blink reflex: contact with the cornea causes blinking
18
Q

What is the sensory and motor nerves being tested with the pupillary light reflex?

A
  • Sensory: CN II

- Motor: CN III

19
Q

What is the sensory and motor nerves being tested with the accommodation reflex?

A
  • Sensory: CN II

- Motor: CN III

20
Q

What is the sensory and motor nerves being tested with the corneal blink reflex?

A
  • Sensory: CN V1

- Motor: CN VII

21
Q

What is the functional axis of the eye? What is the vision axis of the eye?

A
  • Orbital axis: function (motor)

- Optical axis: vision (sensory)

22
Q

What are the six extrinsic muscles of the eye? What are the action(s) of each?

A

4 rectus:

  • Medial Rectus: adduction
  • Lateral Rectus: abduction
  • Superior Rectus: elevation, adduction, intorsion
  • Inferior Rectus: depression, adduction, extorsion

2 oblique:

  • Superior Oblique: elevation, abduction, intorsion
  • Inferior Oblique: depression, abduction, extorsion
23
Q

What structure is involved with the Superior Oblique eye muscle and what does it do?

A

Trochlea supports the tendon of the Superior Oblique and acts as a pulley system

24
Q

What muscle is responsible for elevating the upper eyelid? What is its innervation?

A

Levator Palpebrae Superioris elevates the upper eyelid and is innervated by CN III

25
Q

What six muscles are found within the Common Tendinous Ring?

A
  • Levator Palpebrae Superioris
  • Medial Rectus
  • Lateral Rectus
  • Superior Rectus
  • Inferior Rectus
  • Superior Oblique
26
Q

What is the relationship (location) of Levator Palpebrae Superioris to Superior Rectus?

A

Levator Palpebrae Superioris is superficial to Superior Rectus

27
Q

What is the relationship (location) of Superior Oblique and Medial Rectus?

A

Superior Oblique is superior to Medial Rectus

28
Q

What are the two divisions of CN III and what muscles (2, 3) are innervated by each?

A

Superior division

  • Levator Palpebrae Superioris
  • Superior Rectus

Inferior division

  • Medial Rectus
  • Inferior Rectus
  • Inferior Oblique
29
Q

What is another function of the inferior division of CN III (hint: think autonomic innervation)

A

Inferior division of CN III is also involved in preganglionic parasympathetics

30
Q

What eye muscle is innervated by CN IV, and what is its location in relation to the muscle?

A

CN IV innervates Superior Oblique and runs superiorly over the muscle

31
Q

What eye muscle is innervated by CN VI, and what is its location in relation to the muscle?

A

CN VI innervates Lateral Rectus and runs medially to the muscle

Human Anatomy Exam #4 (6 decks)

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