Oral pathology in children Flashcards
What are natal teeth
Teeth at birth
What are Neo natal teeth
They are teeth that appear within 30 days of birth
How common are natal teeth
1 in 2000
How common are neonatal teeth
1 IN 3500
Where are natal and neonatal teeth most common
Mandibular midline
What are the problems associated with natal/neonatal teeth
- If mobile then risk of aspiration
- Breast feeding
- Riga-fede ulceration
How can we treat natal/neonatal teeth
Extract if any risks
Minitor
List some oral pathology that can be present in new borns
- Dental lamina cysts
- Bohns nodules
- Epsteins pearls
- Congenital epulis of new-born
Where are dental lamina cysts found
At the crest of ridges
What are bohns nodules
They are remnants of the dental lamina
Where are Bohns nodules usually found
Maxillary alveolar ridge
Salivary grand remnants
Where are Epstein’s pearls found
Hard palate
What are Epstein’s pearls
Epithelial remnants
Descrive congenita espuli of newborns
They are benign and can be found on the alveolar ridge
How do we treat congenital puli of newborns
Simple excision
When do children start teething
9 months
What are some problems associated with teething
- Irritability
- Rash
- Drooling
- Systemic upset
- Temperature
How can we manage teething
- Teething toys
2. Analgesics
Describe eruptions cysts
They are bluish in colour, filled with fluid usually found overlying the erupting teeth
How do we treat eruption cysts
Usually self limiting but very rarely become infected
What is regional odontodysplasia
Ghost teeth
V ery rare
What does regional odontodysplasia affect
Both dentitions in one areas/ quadrant
What happens in regional odontodysplasia
Gross malformation of enamel and dentine possibly due to disruption in blood supply early in development
Talk through reasons we can have premature loss of primary teeth
- Local reasons such as infection (caries) or trauma
2. Systemic aetiology
Give examples of systemic aetiology that can lead to premature loss of primary teeth
- Structural defects
2. Cellular defects
Give examples of structural defects that can lead to premature loss of primary teeth
- Alveolar bone loss
- Periodontal ligament Defects
- Cementum defects
What can cause alveolar bone destruction
- Langerhan cell histocytosis
2. Acrodynia
What can cause periodontal ligament defects
- Ehlers danlos
2. Vitamin C deficiency
What can cause cementum defects
Hypophophatasia
The defect in which cell can lead to premature primary tooth loss
Neutrophil defect
How can neutrophils be defected
- Quantitive (less of them)
2. Qualitative
What can lead to a quantitive defect in neutrophils
- Cyclic neutropenia
2. Aplastic anaemia
What can lead to a qualitative defect in neutrophils
- Chediak Higashi
- Papilion lefevre
- Leucocyte adhesion deficiency
What are epulids
Lump or swelling on the gingiva
Descriev pyogenic granulomas
They are very vascular and develop secondary to chronic irritation
What is the end stage of a pyogenic granuloma
Fibroepithelial polyp
Describe peripheral giant cell granulomas
They are very haemorrhage
Darker in colour than pyogenic granulomas
Describe geographic tongue
Characteristic area of erosion
Whitish margins
Disappears and reappears
Occasionally symptomatic
What does gingival hyperplasia usually occur secondary to
Drug / medication use
Give examples fo medication that can cause drug induced hyperplasia
- Phenytoin
- Cyclosporin A
- Nifedipine
What is phenytoin
An anti convulsant used to manage epilepsy
What is cyclosporin A used for
It is an immunosuppressant
what is nifedipine
an anti hypertensive
How do we manage gingival hyperplasia
- Maintain oral hygiene
- Chlorhexidine mouth rinses
- Gingivectomy
- Drug choice
What is a mucocele
A mucous extraneous cyst
Why do mucocele cysts form
Due to damage to minor salivary gland causing leakage of saliva into tissues
What is a ranula
A mucous cyst in the floor of the mouth
Why do ranulas form
Usually secondary to damage to the duct
What is an oral ulceration
Localised defect of the oral mucosa in which the covering epithelium is destroyed leaving an inflamed area of exposed connective tissue
Talk through the surgical sieve
- Infective?
- Traumatic?
- Neoplastic?
- Immunological?
- Nutritional?
- Inflammatory?
What is orofacial granulomatosis
Perioral and gingival swelling assocated with crohns disease
What is recurrent apathous ulceration associated with
- Increased stress
- Nutritional deficiency status
- Trauma
What is the treatment of recurrent apathous ulceration dependant on
Symptoms
How do we treat recurrent apathous ulceration
- Address nutritional deficiencies
- Chlorohexidine to prevent secondary caries
- Corlan tablets or adcortyl for anti inflammation
- Difflam if systomatic
What can bacterial infection lead to
Bacterial abcess
How do we treat severer odontogenic infections
- Admission to hospital
- IV antibiotics
- Removal of tooth
- Drainage of pus
What is primary herpetic gingivostomatitis caused by
Herpes simplex type 1
What is the incubation period of primary herpetic gingivostomatitis
3-5 days
At what age does the incidence of primary herpetic gingivostomatitis peak
14 months
What isprimary herpetic gingivostomatitis characterised by
- Fever
- Irritability
- Malaise
- Vesicles on the tongue that rupture to form ulcers
How do we treat primary herpetic gingivostomatitis
- Paracetamol and the analgesic
- Mouth rinses
- Fluids
What can cold sores be triggered by
- Stress
- Illness
- Sunlight
Give examples of viral infections that can affect the oral cavity
- Herpangina
- Hand foot mouth
- Chicken pox
- Mumps
- Measles
- Epstein barr
Give examples of fungal infections that can affect the oral cavity
- Acute psuefomembranous candidiasis
