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4th Yr- CCD2-Clinical > Facial growth > Flashcards

Facial growth Flashcards

1
Q

What is general growth defined as

A

An increase in size by natural development and is a consequence of cellular proliferation and differentiation

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2
Q

How do we measure general growth

A

Using the height distance curve

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3
Q

What does the height distance curve measure

A

Age against height

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4
Q

What organs/ body systems can we use to measure growth patterns

A
  1. Lymphoid
  2. Neural
  3. Somatic
  4. Genital
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5
Q

Out of the 4 main organs we use which shows general growth

A

Somatic

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6
Q

What does the maxillary growth pattern follow

A

The neural growth pattern

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7
Q

What does the mandibular growth pattern follow

A

The somatic growth pattern

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8
Q

How do clinicians assess general growth

A
  1. Growth charts (height and age)

2Median/ decile values for boys and girls

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9
Q

What do we assess general growth

A

If there is anything abnormal we can investigate early

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10
Q

Other than general growth what else do we assess

A

Rate of growth

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11
Q

How do we measure rate of growth

A

Height velocity curve

Age against change in height

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12
Q

What does a normal height velocity curve show

A

3 phases:

  1. Rapid growth at birth, progressively decelerates till age of 3
  2. Slow deceleration phase persisting until adolescent growth spurt
  3. Adolescent growth spurt followed by progressive deceleration until adulthood
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13
Q

When do girls usually have their growth spurt

A

10.5-12.5 years

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14
Q

When do boys usually have their growth spurt

A

12.5- 14.5 years

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15
Q

When do girls usually have their growth cessation

A

15-16 years

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16
Q

When do boys usually have their growth cessation

A

17-19 years

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17
Q

How can we predict future growth

A
  1. Sequential height measurements

2. Secondary sexual characteristics

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18
Q

Talk through the stages of adolescence in girls

A
  1. Early breast development
  2. Axillary (armpit) pubic hair development
  3. Onsent of menstruation
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19
Q

Talk through the stages of adolescence in boys

A
  1. Fat spurt
  2. Initial pubic hair development
  3. Armpit and upper lip facial hair development
  4. Chin facial hair development
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20
Q

What growth pattern does the maxilla follow

A

Neural

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21
Q

What growth pattern does the mandible follow

A

Somatic

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22
Q

How do bones of the face grow

A
  1. Relocation (growth remodelling)

2. Growth displacement

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23
Q

Name the 3 planes the facial Skelton is assessed in

A
  1. Antero- posterior
  2. Vertical
  3. Transverse
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24
Q

What is the antero-posterior plane

A

Plane running from the front to the back of the head

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25
Q

What is the vertical plane

A

The plane running from eh top of the head to the bottom of the head

26
Q

What is the Transverse plane

A

The plane running from one side of the face to the other

27
Q

Describe the growth of the maxilla in the antero posterior plane

A
  1. Partial displacement forwards with tiny in fill at sutures
  2. Partial periostea remodelling
  3. Tuberosities grow backwards lengthening the dental arch
28
Q

Describe the growth of the maxilla in the vertical plane

A
  1. Increase in height of alveolar process
  2. Downwards drift of hard palate with remodelling
  3. Bony in fil at sutures
29
Q

Describe the growth of the maxilla in the transverse plane

A
  1. 2 halves of the maxilla move apart

2. Neal cavity and air sinuses increase in size

30
Q

Describe the growth of the mandible in the antero posterior plane

A
  1. Mandible displaces anteriorly with infiltration at the condyle
  2. The mandible remodels especially in the anterior region
  3. Chin becomes more prominent
  4. Normal increase in length is 2-3mm per year
31
Q

When does mandible growth double

A

During pubertal growth spurt

32
Q

Describe the growth of the mandible in the vertical plane

A
  1. Alveolar process becomes taller as teeth erupt
  2. Ramus becomes taller
  3. Growth infield at condylar cartilage causing lengthen
33
Q

Describe the growth of the mandible in the transverse plane

A
  1. Remodelling with resorption on inner surface and deposition on outer surface
  2. Increase width especially posteriorly
34
Q

How do we assess the anterior posterior skeletal pattern

A

In classes: I II III

35
Q

When does anterior poster growth stop in boys

A

19 years

36
Q

When does anterior poster growth stop in girls

A

16-17 years

37
Q

Describe a class I AP skeletal pattern

A

If the mandible lines within 2-4mm of the maxilla

38
Q

Describe a class II AP skeletal pattern

A

If the mandible is more than 4mm posterior to the maxilla

39
Q

Describe a class III AP skeletal pattern

A

If the mandible is less than 2mm posterior to the maxilla

40
Q

What might improve a class II profile

A

Mandibular growth during pubertal growth spurt (not in all cases)

41
Q

At what age for boys do we use functional appliances to correct a class 2 profile

A

12.5-14.5 years

42
Q

At what age for girls do we use functional appliances to correct a class 2 profile

A

10.5-12.5 years

43
Q

What can happen during AP growth in a class III profile

A

Malocclusion can worsen

44
Q

What are our treatment option to correct a class III occlusion

A
  1. Orthodontic camouflage

2. Surgical correction

45
Q

When can we determine the severity of a Class III pattern

A

Wait until growth is complete

46
Q

If we identify a class III skeletal pattern in a pre pubertal patient what can we do

A

Use interceptive orthodontics such as protraction face mask

47
Q

When is a protraction face mask most successful

A

between 8-10 years

48
Q

How do we assess vertical development

A

By using:

  1. FMPA
  2. Facial thirds
49
Q

When does vertical growth stop in boys

A

20 years

50
Q

When does facial growth stop in girls

A

17-18 Years

51
Q

List some signs go an abnormal increased vertical development

A
  1. Increased FMPA
  2. Increased lower anterior facial height
  3. Reduced overbite/ anterior open bite
52
Q

List some signs go an abnormal decreased vertical development

A
  1. Reduced FMPA
  2. Reduced lower anterior facial height
  3. Increased overbite
53
Q

Describe the features of normal transverse plane

A
  1. No asymmetry extra orally
  2. Maxillary and mandibular centre lines coincident to each other and the mid facial plane
  3. No cross bites
54
Q

When does transverse facial growth stop in boys

A

12 years

55
Q

When does transverse facial growth stop in girls

A

12 years

56
Q

What features do we look at when assessing fro abnormal transverse development

A
  1. Facial symmetry
  2. Unilateral or bilateral cross bite
  3. Centreline discrepancy
57
Q

What causes a bilateral buccal cross bite

A

transverse discrepancy between maxilla and mandible

58
Q

When should we treat bilateral buccal cross bite

A

In early permanent dentition before fusion of mid palatal suture

59
Q

How can we manage bilateral buccal cross bites

A
  1. Removable appliance with a midline expansion
  2. Fixed appliances
  3. Rapid maxillary expander
60
Q

When do we we a Rapid maxillary expander

A

After age of 16 when mid palatal suture has fused

61
Q

In regards to dental growth what would we like to predict

A
  1. Future size of jaws
  2. Rate of growth and when it occurs
  3. Direction of growth
  4. Soft tissue growth
62
Q

Gives some methods of assessment we use to predict dental growth

A
  1. Chronological age
  2. Growth chart
  3. Secondary sexual characteristics
  4. Radiographs

4th Yr- CCD2-Clinical (6 decks)

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