Oral Patholgy Flashcards
What is a physiologic loss of tooth structure from tooth to tooth contact?
attrition
What is a pathologic form of attrition?
Bruxism
What is a habitual grinding of the teeth?
Bruxism
What is a pathologic loss of tooth structure due to a chemical process?
Erosion
What is erosion from gastric secretions?
perimolysis
What can cause erosion?
chronic vomiting, bulimia, acidic foods, ect
What is a pathologic loss of tooth structure from a mechanical process?
Abrasion
What is a pathologic loss of tooth structure from tooth flexure during mastication?
Abfraction
What is an abnormal bend or curve in a tooth root?
dilaceration
What is a single enlarged tooth in which the tooth count is normal ake: twinning?
Gemination
What is an enlarged tooth in which the tooth count reveals a missing tooth; a tooth attached to another tooth (2 teeth)?
Fusion
What is the difference between gemination and fusion?
gemination has a normal count of teeth in the oral cavity while during fusion the count will reveal a missing tooth
What is the union of teeth by cementum?
concrescence
What is another name for dens invaginatus?
dens in dente
What is a deep surface invagination of the crown or root that is lined by enamel?
Dens invaginatus
What is the most common tooth to have dens invaginatus?
maxillary lateral incisor also common to have a lingual pit
What is another name for Taurodontism?
Bull’s teeth
What is a large pulp chamber with furcations close to the apex, and elongated crown?
Taurodontism
What disorder is taurodontism most common in?
Down Syndrome
What is another name for enamel pearl?
Ectopic enamel
What is enamel on the root surface?
enamel pearl
What does an enamel pearl look like on a x-ray?
rounded, radiopaque
What is a microdont and a macrodont?
micro- abnormally small teeth macro= abnormally large teeth (rare)
What is anadontia
no teeth
What is hypodontia?
fewer than normal teeth
What is oligodontia?
missing 6 teeth or more
What is partial anadontia?
fewer than normal teeth
What is a syndrome where complete anodontia may be seen?
ectodermal dysplasia
What is often seen in people due to high frenum attachment and muscle pull?
diastema
What is a name for increased number of teeth?
hyperdontia
what is another name for an extra tooth?
supernumerary
What is the most common supernumerary tooth?
mesiodens (occurs between maxillary and central incisors)
The dorsal surface of the tongue is NOT a likely location for intraoral cancer True or False?
TRUE
What is another name for Geographic tongue?
Benign migratory glossitis
What areas are involved with geographic tongue?
dorsal and lateral borders of the tongue
What type of papillae is lost during geographic tongue?
filliform papilla
What area is involved with hairy tongue?
dorsal surface of the tongue
Hairy tongue may be associated with?
tocacco use, chemical rinses, alcohol, smoking, antibiotic therapy, and poor oral hygiene
What is the only way that environmental hypoplasia can occur?
only during tooth formation; can occur with primary and permanent teeth
What is hypocalcemia?
low calcium levels in blood
What are some systemic causes of environmental hypoplasia?
Birth related trauma, malnutrition (hypocalcemia), chemicals (fluorosis; >.7ppm in drinking water), systemic infection, and idiopathic (unknown)
What are some local factors that cause environmental hypoplasia?
local infection or trauma, Turner’s hypoplasia or tooth, electrical burn, irradiation etc…
What may be some systemic infections?
congenital syphilis: hutchinson’s incisors and mulberry molars
What is a hereditary defect of enamel formation?
amelogenesis imperfecta
What are some characteristics of amelogenesis imperfecta?
enamel hypoplasia, pits and grooves in teeth, and teeth are often discolored
What is another name for Dentiongenesis imperfecta?
Hereditary opalescent dentin
What is a hereditary defect of dentin?
dentinogenesis imperfecta
What is another name for osteogenesis imperfecta?
brittle bone disease
dentinogenesis may also be associated with?
osteogenesis imperfecta
What are some characteristics of dentinogenesis imperfecta?
obliterated pulp chambers and crowns
What causes tetracycline staining?
ingestion of tetracycline during tooth development
Is tetracycline stain intrinsic or extrinsic?
intrinsic
What color does tetracycline turn teeth?
black, brown, grey
What is another name for internal resorption?
pink tooth of mummery
What can cause internal resorption?
tooth trauma or pulpitis
Why is internal resorption also called pink tooth of mummery?
because if in pulp chamber, tooth may look “pink”
What is physiologic pigmentation?
racial pigmentation or normal pigmentation; variable of healthy pigmentation
What are some characteristics of a melanotic macule?
flat, brown lesion
What are some melanotic macules?
oral freckle, and oral ephelis
What are amalgam particles in soft tissue?
amalgam tattoo
Can you see an amalgam tattoo on a radio-graph?
yes, looks like opaque particles
What is an intraoral sebaceous gland (oil) that are small yellow nodules of buccal mucosa and vermilion border after puberty?
fordyce’s granules
Are fordyce’s granules usually bilateral?
Yes
What is a dilated superficial vein?
varicosities
Where are varicosities prominent?
on the ventral of the tongue
What is another name for addison’s disease?
hypoadrenocorticism
What is a clinical characteristic of addison’s disease?
diffuse pigmentation, bronzing of the skin and mucosa
What is the cause of addison’s disease?
adrenal cortical insufficiency, and too little steroid production
What is another name for cushing’s syndrome?
hypercortisolism
What causes cushing’s syndrome?
excess pituitary gland ACTH production; usually from a prescribed corticosteroid therapy
What are some clinical characteristics of cushing’s syndrome?
weight gain, buffalo hump (fat accumulation in upper back), moon facies (fat accumulation in the face), and poor healing
What is another name for smoker’s palate?
Nicotine Stomatitis
What causes a wrinkled appearance and scattered red dots of the palate?
Nicotine Stomatitis
What causes the red dots during Nicotine Somatitis?
inflamed minor salivary glands
Is Nicotine Somatitis precancerous?
NO
What is a milky white lesion of the buccal mucosa that disappears when stretched?
Leukoedema
Is Leukoedema more prominent in dark skinned individuals?
YES
What is a hyperkeratotic white line of the buccal mucosa along plane of occlusion?
linea alba
What is considered the most common fungal infection of the oral cavity?
Candida albicans
What are some local factors that cause candida albicans?
xerostomia, complete dentures, steroid inhalers etc..
What are some systemic factors that cause candida albicans
antibiotic therapy, HIV+, uncontrolled diabetes etc..
What is another name for pseudomembranous candidiasis and what does it look like?
Thrush; white plaques that wipe off; occurs in infants
What is another name for Central papillary atrophy?
Median rhomboid glossitis
What does atrophy mean?
The wasting away of a tissue or organ, usually due to the degeneration of cells
What is a red, atrophic area in the midline and dorsal of tongue?
Central Papillary Atrophy
Is Central Papillary Atrophy usually found in immunocompetent individuals?
yes
Mary comes in with fissured areas at the corners of her mouth, what do you suspect and what would be her treatment?
Angular Cheilitis; the treatment would be antifungal cream, a topical like nystatin and clotrimazole and a systemic antibiotic like ketoconazole, and fluconazole (diflucan)
What has a similar appearance like angular cheilitis?
severe riboflavin (vit B12) deficiency
What 2 tongue lesions have to do with the filiform on the tongue?
Geographic tongue and hairy tongue
What is the cause of geographic tongue?
idiopathic, unknown cause
Why my you see Candidiasis in a patient taking antibiotic therapy?
It would be a side effect of the antibiotic
Desquamative gingivitis may be seen in?
cicatricial pemphigoid, pemphigus vulgaris, and lichen planus
Enamel hypercalcification has an appearance of?
chalky white spots
Hairy tongue causes the filiform papilla to?
elongate
Fissured tongue is also known as?
Scrotal or furrowed tongue
Trisomy 21 is another name for what syndrome?
Down Syndrome
Does Down syndrome patients have an increased risk of periodontal disease?
YES
Does Down Syndrome have increased risk of dental caries?
NO, just periodontal disease
What are some oral characteristics of individuals with down syndrome?
fissured tongue, macroglossia, mouth breathers, hypodontia, and taurodontism
What is considered the most common “tumor” of the oral cavity?
irritation fibroma
What are some clinical characteristics of a fibroma (irritation or traumatic fibroma)?
smooth, pink, firm, elevated lesion- nodule
What are some clinical characteristics a of a papilloma- oral or squamous)?
pedunculated (on a stalk), wart-like, soft lesion
Papilloma, skin warts (veruca vulgarism), and genital warts (conyloma acuminatum) are all caused by what virus?
HPV- Human Papilloma Virus
What weeks of gestation does a cleft lip occur?
4th to 7th week
What weeks of gestation does a cleft palate occur?
8th and 12th week
When in utero is the cleft lip apparent?
by end of the 2nd month in utero
When in utero is the cleft palate apparent?
by end of the 3rd month in utero
What can cause gingival enlargement?
anticonvulants, calcium channel blockers, cyclosporine, genetic factors, and hormonal changes
What are some anticonvulsant drugs that contribute to gingival enlargement?
dilantin,phenytoin, and sodium valproate
What are some calcium channel blockers?
nifedipine and diltiazem
What is another name for epulis fissuratum?
Inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia
What causes epulis fissuratum (Inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia)?
ill-fitting dentures, and “Fibroma” around denture flange
What is the most common location to find papillary hyperplasia?
the palate
What is another name for papillary hyperplasia?
Pseudopapillomatosis
What causes papillary hyperplasia?
a maxillary denture that is never removed
What is pyogenic granuloma composed of?
granulation tissue
What is granulation tissue?
young connective tissue, blood vessels, and inflammation
What is another name for pyogenic granuloma?
pregnancy tumor because this is often seen during pregnancy
What is the most common location where a pyogenic granuloma is found?
gingiva
What is another name for chronic hyperplastic pulpits?
pulp poylp, and pulp granuloma
What does hyperplasia mean?
increase in the NUMBER of cells
What does hypertrophy mean?
increase in the SIZE of the cells
What is a exophytic lesion inside of carious teeth in children composed of granulation tissue and usually does not display any pain?
hyperplastic pulpitis (pulp polyp)
What inflammatory soft tissue lesion looks clinically simular to a pyogenic granuloma?
peripheral giant cell granuloma
What is the only difference between pyogenic granuloma and peripheral giant cell granuloma?
peripheral giant cell granuloma contains a multi-nucleated giant cell
Where is central giant cell granuloma located?
inside the bone
Mary comes in complaining of a painful ulcer on her lip what usually occurred?
traumatic ulcer, most often from biting
A patient comes in complaining of a recurring painful ulcer on her tongue, and claims she has been under a lot of stress lately, you take a look and it and it has an erythematous halo around the ulcer, what type of ulcer may this be?
aphthous ulceration
What type of tissue does an aphthous ulcer occur on?
only moveable mucosa; never on palate or attached gingiva
What type of herpes is Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1)?
oral herpes
What type of herpes is Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2)?
genital herpes
What type of virus is the Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)?
chickenpox and shingles
What type of virus is Epstein-Bar Virus (EBV)?
mono, OHL, Burkitt’s lymphoma
What type of herpes is Human Herpes Virus-8 (HHV-8)?
Kaposi’s sarcoma herpes virus- sexually transmitted
can you cure a herpes virus?
NO, it will always remain in the body, but may become dormant
What is another name for Herpes Simplex type 1?
Primary Herpes Simplex
What age do primary herpes simplex virus typically occur?
age 1-5 years
What type of herpes usually have a vesicle stage?
primary herpes simplex and herpes labialis
Where is primary herpes simplex usually located?
any area of the oral cavity including the gingiva
What starts to show up before the ulcer in primary herpes simplex virus?
Vesicles
In recurrent intraoral HSV are vesicles seen?
Vesicles are rarely seen
What is another name for herpes labialis?
cold sores or fever blisters
What herpes virus has a prodromal stage?
Herpes Labialis
What is prodromal symptoms?
burning, tingling before a lesion
What is herpes labialis?
recurrent HSV on the lips
How long does recurrent intraoral HSV usually take to heal?
7-10 days
What is the location of recurrent intraoral HSV?
occurs only on “bound down” keratinized mucosa (hard palate and attached gingiva)
What is herpetic whitlow?
recurrent HSV on the finger
What are some characteristics of chickenpox?
occurs in crops- erythema, vesicles, pustules, and crusted lesions
Are Varicella-Zoster and Epstein-Bar viruses a herpes virus?
YES
What 2 viral lesions have the etiology of the Epstein-Bar Virus?
Infectious mononucleosis and oral hairy leukoplakia
What may be the first manifestation of the HIV infection?
Oral hairy leukoplakia
What viral infection can cause bleeding of the palate?
Infectious mononucleosis
A patient comes in and complains of white, furrowed lines on the lateral surface of the tongue, what might be the reason?
oral hairy leukoplakia
What viral lesion is most often associated with HIV?
Kaposi’s Sarcoma
What has the clinical appearance of multiple bluish purple macules and plaques, and have vascular neoplasm?
Kaposi’s Sarcoma
What 2 viral lesions are caused by the coxsackie virus?
Herpangina and hand-foot-&mouth disease
What viral lesion has vesicles or ulcers of the posterior oral cavity?
Herpangina
What viral lesion has vesicles or ulcers of mouth, hands, and feet?
hand-foot-&mouth disease
A pt comes in and has big blisters on her lips. You go over her health history and she explains she has an autoimmune disorder that causes these blisters. What type of disease does she have and what is the treatment?
Vesiculobullous disease, steroids
What is an acute ulcerative condition of skin and mucous membranes that is an immunologic response to foods, chemicals, drugs, or microbial infection?
Erythema multiforme
50% of people with Erythema multiforme create lesions that look like?
Bull’s eye or target lesion
What virus is a common trigger for Erythema multiforme?
recurrent Herpes Simplex Virus
What is another name for Erythema multiforme?
Steven-Johnson’s Syndrome
What syndrome occurs when 2 mucosal surfaces are involved and is usually triggered by a drug?
Steven-Johnson’s Syndrome
What disorder has mucosa and skin ulcerations and lesions that look like a butterfly rash?
Chronic discoid (cutaneous) lupus erythematosis
What disease of the skin has fine, lace-like network of white lines known as wickham’s striae on the oral mucosa?
Lichen Planus
What are some known vesiculobullous diseases?
Erythema multiforme, Lichen Planus, Pemphigus, Pemphigoid
What is a disease of autoantibodies to desmosomes?
Pemphigus
What is a disease of autoantibodies to hemidesmosomes?
Pemphigoid
What is the most common site of a mucocele?
the lower lip
What is caused by a traumatic severance of the salivary gland duct?
mucocele
What is a wharton’s duct?
submandibular salivary gland duct
What is a obstruction of the wharton’s duct and causes a swelling on the floor of the mouth?
Ranula
What is a sialolithiasis?
Salivary gland stone which is a calcification within the gland or duct
What x-ray is used for detecting sialolithiasis?
occlussal film
What is the most common site for a siolithith?
wharton’s duct
What is the most common tumor of the salivary gland?
Benign mixed tumor (Pleomorphic adenoma)
What is the most common location of the Pleomorphic adenoma?
Parotid gland
What is the most common intraoral location for the pleomorphic adenoma?
The hard palate
What is another name for mumps?
epidemic parotitis
What is a virus transmitted through saliva or respiratory secretions and are a bilateral parotid enlargement?
Mumps aka Epidemic parotitis
What are some known cancers of the skin?
Basal Cell Carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma
What is the most common form of oral cancer?
squamous cell carcinoma aka epidermoid carcinoma
What is 3 major risk factors for receiving a squamous cell carcinoma?
Smoking and alcohol consumption, and HPV
What is dysplasia aka carcinoma-in-situ?
premalignant lesions, not invasive yet
What is the most common site of squamous cell carcinoma?
lateral of tongue and floor of the mouth
What is a snuff dipper’s lesion?
smokeless tobacco keratosis
what are some clinical signs of smokeless tobacco keratosis?
gingival recession, tooth staining, and decay, and wrinkled corrugated white lesions at site of placement
What are some causes of xerostomia?
drugs, head and neck radiation, and Sjogren syndrome
What is Sjogren syndrome?
an autoimmune disease with dry eyes and mouth from inflammation
What is a epithelial lined pathologic cavity?
cyst
What kind of cyst is where the lining of the lumen is derived from epithelia produced during tooth development?
odontogenic cyst
What is the remnants of dental lamina?
Epithelial Rests of Serres
What is remnants of Hertwig’s root sheath?
Epithelial Rests of Malassez
What are some other names for a Radicular cyst?
periapical cyst, and apical periodontal cyst
Where is a radicular cyst located?
apex of necrotic tooth
What is a residual cyst?
a radicular cyst that was left behind after extraction
What is another name for dentigerous cyst?
Follicular cyst
What is a dentigerous cyst and where is it most common located?
a cyst around the crown of an impacted tooth; most common around 3rd molars and maxillary canines
What is a primordial cyst?
this occurs in place of a tooth
What are some characteristics of a odontogenic keratocyst?
a unilocular or multilocular radiolucency, usually occur in posterior of mandible and has a high recurrence rate
What cyst is a unilocular radiolucency between roots of madibular premolars?
lateral periodontal cyst
What are some non-odontogenic cysts?
globulomaxillary, nasopalatine duct cyst, and nasolabial cyst
What is another name for nasolabial cyst?
nasolacrimal cyst
What kind of cyst is a nasolabial cyst?
a soft tissue cyst, usual located at the ala of the nose
What is another name for a nasopalatine cyst?
Incisive canal cyst
What cyst is an oval radiolucency of the midline of anterior maxilla and may appear heart shaped due to the anterior nasal spine?
nasopalatine duct cyst
What is another name for a tumor?
neoplasm
What is a carcinoma?
malignant neoplasm of epithelial tissue
What is a sarcoma?
malignant neoplasm of mesenchymal tissue (muscle bone, connective tissue)
What is adeno?
gladular (glands are epithelial)
When a tumor has a oma at the end of the word it means it is?
benign
When a tumor has sarcoma or carcinoma at the end of the word it means?
malignant
What is a malignancy of plasma cells?
multiple myeloma
What are some characteristics of multiple myeloma?
bone pain and punched out radiolucencies
What kind of tumor is most often benign derived from elements of tooth development?
Odontogenic tumor
What is the most common odontogenic tumor?
odontoma
What type of tumor is composed of enamel and dentin and can look like little teeth?
odontoma
What are 3 characteristics of ameloblastoma?
usually mutilocular radiolucency a soap bubble or honey combed radiolucency, in posterior of mandible, and high recurrence rate
What is a bony protuberance of facial surfaces of the jaws?
exostosis
What type of bone lesion involves middle age black women and the lower anterior and teeth are considered vital?
periapical cemental dysplasia
What is another name for periapical cemental dysplasia?
periapical cemento osseous dysplasia, false cementoma
What is condensing osteitis?
a radiopaque lesion at apex of inflamed necrotic tooth
What is another name for condensing osteitis?
Focal sclerosing osteomyelitis
What is another name for paget’s disease?
osteitis deformans
What is paget’s disease?
the thickening and enlargement of the bones (bone metabolism, hat will not fit, dentures will not fit), it also increases alkaline phosphatase in blood
What disease has a cotton wool radiopacities?
paget’s disease
dysplastic lesions of squamous epithelium occur most often on the?
floor of the mouth
the most common malignancy in the oral cavity is?
epidermoid carcinoma
recurrent apthous ulcers appear to be associated with?
stress, not herpes virus
a 26 year old black female was examined clinically and radiographically. On a mandibular periapical radiograph that included the central and lateral incisors, radiolucent lesions were found at the apex of each of these four teeth. Six months later, the radiolucent areas were radiopaque. Each of the four teeth retained it vitality. This patient most likely has?
cementomas
Non-perforating internal resorption is best managed by?
root canal treatment
Clinically and microscopically, an epulis fissurtatum is most similar to which of the following lesions?
Irritation Fibroma
The first clinically observable reaction to radiation overexposure is?
erythema of the skin
A specific presentation of oral candidiasis, sometimes seen in otherwise healthy patients is?
median rhomboid glossitis
Bence-Jones proteins in the urine and multiple bone radiolucencies can be found in which of the following diseases?
multiple myeloma
What 3 conditions is the papillomavirus found?
oral papilloma, condyloma acuminatum, and squamous cell carcinoma
Carcinoma that does not invade the connective tissue is referred to as?
Carcinoma in situ
Supernumerary teeth are a common feature of which of the following syndromes?
Cleidocranial dysostosis
Which is the most common location for Aids-related “oral hairy leukoplakia”?
lateral border of the tongue
