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Oral mucos Flashcards

1
Q

A mucous membrane is a ________

A

Organ

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2
Q

How many tissues is the mucous membrane composed of and what are they?

A

The mucous membrane is composed of 2 tissues.

  1. Epithelium (overlying tissue)
  2. CT (submucosa/lamina propria) underlying tissue
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3
Q

Do you find blood vessels in the epi?

A

No. You find them in the CT

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4
Q

Where do you find BV in the oral mucous?

A

You find them in the LP and Submuc. (mainly) they branch out as they go into the LP.

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5
Q

What glands are found in the LP and Submuc. CT? what do they do?

A

MINOR salivary glands.

Ducts from both major and minor travel through CT to communicate with the overlying mucousal surface.

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6
Q

Where do you find lymphoid tissue in the oral mucosa? what do they do?

A

you find them embedded in the lingual and palatine tonsils. They interact with the virus/bacteria in oral mucosa.

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7
Q

How does the oral mucousa protect?

A

it serves as a barrier. protective function. The epithilum and basal lamina maintain the barrier. The LP and Submuc have immune cells present that protect.

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8
Q

Antimicrobial function::immune cells::the LP and Submuc. of CT in the OM have immune cells.

A

Antimicrobial function::immune cells::the LP and Submuc. of CT in the OM have immune cells.

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9
Q

What antimicrobial (protective cell) molecules do the epi cells synthesize and secrete?

A

Beta-defensins… which are secreted by epi cells. They are present in the epi at all times. even without an oral/dental infection.

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10
Q

Beta-defensins are _____ rich and _____ charged.

A

cystine rich

positively charged

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11
Q

what kind of cells do the beta-defensins bind to once secreted by oral epi?

A

Negatively charges on bacterial membranes & permeabilize. They open up channels in bacterial cell wall… causing intracellular shit to leak out of bacteria.

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12
Q

What else does the OM help with besides protection?

A

eating. It’s flexible and moist which makes it easy to eat.

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13
Q

SENSORY INN of Oral Muc. tell me about it ? don’t need to tell me what specific nerves.

A

has many nerve fibers. It conveys pain info, touch info, and none painful sensations (warmth and coolness), and taste function. Your oral mucosa discourages you from eating things that are acidic… or something sharp…and taste etc

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14
Q

what kind of epi is present in ALL OM epi?

A

stratified squamous epi. It has multiple layers.. and cells vary and have a flattened appearance in the upper layers.

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15
Q

What occurs in the deep layers of epi?

A

epi is self renewing. cell division occurs in the deep layer… basal cell layers… this is where cell division takes.. place. Those cells lose connection with underlying Basal lamina and migrate to upper layers and transform and get sloughed off at the surface.

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16
Q

Epi turn over time is fast and slow where?

A

fast in gut (heals faster)
slow in exterior skin
intermediate in mouth (parts of the mouth are differ from one another)

The speed is affected by chemo and radiotherapy… mouth is adversely affected.

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17
Q

What characterizes the epi?

A
  1. most volume is occupied by cell.
  2. Keratinocytes
  3. None keratincytes:
    - merkle sensory cells.. in basal layers of epi
    - Clear cells –> melanocytes (pigment cells found in basal layers of epi) + langerhan cells (dendiric cells.. immune cells in super basal layers… above the basal layers)
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18
Q

How do you distinguish melanocytes and langerhan cells?

A

both have clear halo around them.
Distinguish by their location when you’re trying to see which one is which. (melanocytes in basal cell layer..langerhan in suprabasal cell layer)

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19
Q

“Clear” cells dramatically revealed by lack of

______ staining

A

cytokeratin

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20
Q

What do melanosomes contain?

A

pigement color

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21
Q

Langerhan cells found where

A

they are dendritic cells so they have processes coming out of them (branches) and they’re in the suprabasal layer. Because they fuck with environment with regards to pathogens.

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22
Q

which part of the oral region is keratinized and which part isnt?

A

alveolar mucosa –> non-keratinized

gingiva is –> keratinized

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23
Q

What do kert. and none kert. layer of oral muc. have in common?

A 
basal layer (division) 
prickle cell layer (looks prickly because of desmosomes)
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24
Q

What is in the Kert layer that’s not in the non-kert?

A

granular layer instead of intermediate layer that is found in non.kert. layer

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25
Q

What is special about the none kert layer?Where do you find these in the mouth?

A

superficial layer aka there are organells.. not dead.. they’re soft and flexible thus you find these in the buccal mucosa, soft palate and alveolar mucousa.

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26
Q

What protein defines a epi. cell?

A

cytokeratines.. large multigene proteins.. that assemble in intermediate filmanets of the cell.

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27
Q

What are the two major groups of cytokeratines?

A

type 1 (acidic) and type 2 (basic)

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28
Q

Type 1 and type 2 cytokeratines form?

A

coiled heterodimer –> intermediate filament

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29
Q

Strongest cytoskeletal element found in cytokeratines?

A

intermediate filaments… they are strongest out of the 3 provide good mechanical force for the cell (the other two are microfilaments(actin) smallest break easily, microtubules.)

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30
Q

Intracellular component of desmosomes & hemidesmosomes

A

Intermediate filaments

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31
Q

Keratin Mutations Provide Evidence For Functional Importance of ________

A

Cytokeratins

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32
Q

Mutations in the cytokeratines 5 and 14 in basal layer leads you to what genetic mutation?

A

epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EB simplex) –> rare..
blisters
must severe in epidermis and oral consequences

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33
Q

Different epithelial layers/tissues contain characteristic ________

A

cytokeratins

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34
Q

cytokeratines __ and __ in the basal layer

A

5 and 14

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35
Q

cytokeratin expression can change w/ ____

A

disease state

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36
Q

because cytokeratins are specific for different parts of the epi mutations in cytokeratin genes can produce ______ diseases

A

regionally-specific example: 4 & 13 –> white sponge nervus

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37
Q

White sponge Nervus

A

Only effects certain parts of the mouth and not others
Soft, white, spongy plaques
Clinically benign
Lesions absent on keratinized regions (e.g., dorsal tongue, gingiva)

38
Q

cytokeratines are found where?

A

epi of none kert and kert epi.

39
Q

Important Functional Differences Between

KERATINIZED VS NON-KERATINIZED EPITHELIUM

A

Keratinized tougher
Non-keratinized more flexible
Keratinized more impermeable

40
Q

Cytokeratins contribute to ______ in both keratinized & non-keratinized oral mucosa. And in both types, AMOUNT of cytokeratin increases in _______.

A

mechanical toughness

superficial layers

41
Q

Different cytokeratin types contribute to differences in _______ keratinized vs non-keratinized epithelia…

A

mechanical properties of

42
Q

Keratinized,

biochemical properties of specific cytokeratins:

A

Promote aggregation -> clumping –> (tonofibrils)
Promote binding to another molecule, fillagrin
main component of keratohyalin granules (in granular layer).
when you get to upper layers.. tonofibrils bind to fillagrin.
When you get to the superficial layers (crowding and binding of clumping of tonofibrils) helps kill off organells.. and become flat and dehydrated… packed with tonofibril /fillagrin complexes

43
Q

In the none keratinized layer promote what? and what about the superficial layer is what?

A
  • They do NOT promote aggeragation –> can’t complex with fillagrin bc not much fillagrin anyway!
  • NOT dehydrated or flat even though there are a bunch of cytokeratin tonofilaments.
44
Q

_______Occur in both keratinized & non-keratinized epithelia and serve as an intercellular barrier to aqueous substances. HOWEVER Differences in chemical composition creates > _________

A

-MEMBRANE COATING GRANULES
Membrane-bound organelles, filled w/glycolipids
-effective barrier in keratinized epithelium

45
Q

Membrane-bound organelles, filled w/glycolipids first appear where? and are released in more _______ to _____ cell ?

A

in upper prickle cell layers

Released in more superficial layers to coat cell

46
Q

______ and ______ contribute to the differences in permeability in keratinized and non-keratinized epi?

A

membrane coating granules and cornified envelope

47
Q

sheath that is comprised of crosslinked proteins on outer cell membrane ofr keratinized epi? what protein is found in these cells?

A

Cornified envelope: 15nm cross-linked protein sheath comprised of loricrin proteins
creating impermeable barrier.

48
Q

Parakertinized epithilium?

A

midway between keratinized and none kertainized. epi.

you see squished flat nuclei in the surface layer.

49
Q

Most of the volume of the Lamina propria is composed of

A

ECM (has GAGS and glycoproteins (fibronectin) and Type 1 and III collagen, elastin)

50
Q

What cells are present in the lamina propria?

A

LOTS of fibriblasts
Mast cells
Inflam cells
Macrophages

51
Q

What cell layer is found in both parakertinized and keratinized epi?

A

Granular cell layer

52
Q

Type ____collagen is greater for less flexible regions of the oral cavity

A

I

53
Q

Type 1 is less flexible than type III

TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

54
Q

Elastin is more prominent in _____ than in pulp or PDL

A

oral mucosa

55
Q

Lamina propria can be broken down into two layers

A

papillary layer and reticular layer

56
Q 
No Submucosa: 
1. lp--muscle
ex: 
2. lp-bone known as \_\_\_\_\_. 
ex:
A
  1. tongue
  2. (mucoperiosteum) – ex: gingiva
    hard palate next to gingiva
    rugae region
    median raphe
57
Q

Lining Mucosa

A

Non-keratinized (or parakeratinized) epithelium (variable thickness)

Buccal & labial mucosa– thick (~.5mm)

Floor of mouth– thin (~.1mm)

Lamina propria
Fewer collagen fibers & more elastic fibers

Relatively, short, broad connective tissue papillae

Submucosa usually present

Attachment to bone or muscle are loose & flexible

Clinical implications:
Incisions more likely to gape & need to be sutured
Injections less painful

58
Q

A mucous membrane is the lining of a body cavity that opens _____________.

A

to the outside of the body

59
Q

What connects the epithelial tissue (surface layer) to the Connective tissue (lamina propria that is underlying layer)?

A

basal lamina

60
Q

What is the name of the epithelium that extends into the lamina propria?

A

Rete peg

61
Q

The parts of the lamina propria that extend between the rete pegs are called?

A

papillary layer (hills) of CT.

62
Q

From bottom to top write in order teh strata or layers of the oral epithelium

A
  1. Basal cell layer (single cell)
  2. Prickle Cell layer (several cell layers)
  3. Granular Cell layer (more than one layer of cells)
  4. Keratinized layer (variation in character)
63
Q

The extracellular substance of the LP is composed mainly of ______

A

collagen Type ONE

64
Q

The main cell types of the LP are ______

A

fibroblasts

65
Q

The main FUNCTIONS of the fibroblasts is to _____ and _____ the _______

A

Form and to lysis the Extracellular substance.

66
Q

T/F the Lamina propria is highly vascular and the epithelium is highly vascular

A

FALSE the epithilium is AVASCULAR

67
Q

Lamina propria of palatal muscosa: is indirectly attached to _____ of hard palate by way of a ____

A

Bone by way of a submucosa

68
Q

Lamina propria of palatal gingiva: attached to _____ and to _____

A

Cementum and to alveolar bone

69
Q

In the tongue mucosa the lamina propria is attached to what?

A

muscle tissue

70
Q

The oral mucous membrane is classified into what 3 categories?

A
  1. Masticatory Mucosa
  2. Lining Mucosa
  3. Specialized Mucosa
71
Q

Is the Masticatory mucosa keratinized? What about the lining mucosa? what about specialized mucosa?

A

yes. Lining is NOT. Specialized mucosa is PARTIALLY kertainized (dorsum of the tongue)

72
Q

name the four lingual papillae and if their kert. or none kert. and if they contain taste buds.

A
  1. Filiform papilla (most numerous: Kert: NO taste buds)
  2. fungiform papilla NONE kert. YES taste buds
  3. Foliate papilla: NONE kert: has SOME taste buds
  4. Circumvallete Papilla; LARGEST, YES taste buds
73
Q

Both epithelium (junctional) and CT (lamina propria) of free gingiva are attached to ________

A

cementum

74
Q

What parts of the free gingiva are attached to the cementum?

A

LP and Junctional Epi.

75
Q

Which fiber bundles of the free gingiva have atleast one end embedded in cementum and which dont?

A

transeptal
dentogingival
dentoperiosteal all DO

Circular DOES NOT it’s not attached to cementum or bone. It encircles the tooth like a ring.

76
Q

Which ft. of alveolar mucosa is the exception?

A

Vascular epithium
it is AVASCULAR like all other areas of oral epi. The blood vv of the underlying LP show through the thin, none kert. epi, hence clinically, the blood vv appear to be within the epi.

77
Q

Which cells has a clear outline, is derived from neural crest cells, found among basal cells of mucosal epi, and elaborates melanin?

A

melanocytes

78
Q

Where are melanocytes derived from?

A

neural crest cells

79
Q

Free gingiva and attached gingiva are demarcated by what?

A

Free gingival groove

80
Q

The mucogingival junction is the demarcation between which tissue?

A

attached gingiva and alveolar mucosa

81
Q

Which papilla lacks taste buds?

A

filliform. BUT they are the most numerous. and are kert.

82
Q

Where do you find taste buds in the circumvallete papilla?

A

epithelium next to the groove around the papilla and also in the wall of the groove

83
Q

Where are transeptal functional fiber bundles of free gingiva found?

A

they are confined to the area between teeth

84
Q

Where are Dentogingival functional fiber bundles of free gingiva found?

A

all sides of the tooth

85
Q

Where are Alveologingival functional fiber bundles of free gingiva found?

A

they surround the entire tooth

86
Q

Where are Dentoperiosteal functional fiber bundles of free the gingiva found?

A

Confined to the facial and lingual sides of a tooth

87
Q

Which functional group of the free gingival collagen fiber bundles has both ends embedded in cementum?

A

Transseptal (interdental) pass from the cementum of one tooth, over the crest of the interdental bone, to the cementum of another tooth

88
Q

What is the structure called that attaches the junctional epithelial cells to the surface of the tooth?

A

Basal lamina. This is the attachement apparatus of the junctional epi.
It is secreted by epi. cells.

89
Q

What specialized structure attaches the basal cell of the epi. to the underlying basal lamina?

A

Hemidesmosome. Located within the basal cell next to the basal lamina.

90
Q

Whats another name for epithelial ridge?

A

Rete peg

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