Oral Masses

Question 1

The most common oral tumors in dogs are what?

Answer 1

Malignant melanoma, squamous cell sarcoma, fibrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, and acanthomatous ameloblastoma; The most common oral tumors in dogs are malignant melanoma, squamous cell sarcoma, fibrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, and acanthomatous ameloblastoma.

Question 2

Based on a large necropsy study from 1979, what percentage of malignant melanoma, squamous cell sarcoma, and fibrosarcoma have metastasized to or beyond the regional lymph nodes?

Answer 2

malignant melanoma - 81%
squamous cell sarcoma - 82%
fibrosarcoma - 35%.
Other study has shown the % of SCC to be about 20%

Question 3

Acanthomatous ameloblastoma arise from what tissue layer?

Answer 3

Odontogenic epithelium; Acanthomatous ameloblastoma arise from odontogenic epithelium.

Question 4

Fibromatous epulis arise from what tissue layer?

Answer 4

Periodontal ligament. Fibromatous epulis arise from the periodontal ligament (called Fibromatous epulis of the periodontal ligament).

Question 5

Ossifying epulides arise from what tissue layer?

Answer 5

Unclear; The origin of ossifying epulides is currently unclear.

Question 6

Fibromatous epulis of the periodontal ligament and Ossifying epulides often occur in what region of the mouth?

Answer 6

Premaxillary region; Fibromatous epulis of the periodontal ligament and Ossifying epulides often occur in the premaxillary region?

Question 7

Acanthomatous ameloblastoma often occur in what region of the mouth?

Answer 7

Rostral maxilla or mandible; Acanthomatous ameloblastoma often occur in the rostral maxilla or mandible.

Question 8

Malignant melanoma, squamous cell sarcoma, and fibrosarcoma usually arise from what tissue in the mouth?

Answer 8

Gingiva; Malignant melanoma, squamous cell sarcoma, and fibrosarcoma usually arise from the gingiva.

Question 9

Fibrosarcomas often arise in the mouth near which tooth?

Answer 9

Carnassial tooth; Fibrosarcomas often arise in the mouth near the carnassial tooth.

Question 10

The canine oral cavity drains to which lymph nodes?

Answer 10

Mandibular, parotid, and medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes; The canine oral cavity drains to the mandibular, parotid, and medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes.

Question 11

What percentage of tumors arising from the gingiva cause radiographically apparent bone loss?

Answer 11

60-80%; Between 60-80 percent of tumors arising from the gingiva cause radiographically apparent bone loss?

Question 12

The sensitivity and specificity of lymph node size for predicting cytologic or histologic presence of metastasis are what percentage, respectively?

Answer 12

70% and 51%; The sensitivity and specificity of lymph node size for predicting cytologic or histologic presence of metastasis are 70% AND 51%, respectively.

Question 13

The mandibular incisor region can be blocked by injecting what structure at what location?

Answer 13

Mandibular nerve just rostral to the mental foramen at the level of the second premolar tooth will block the mandibular incisor region.

Question 14

The entire mandible can be blocked by injecting what structure at what location?

Answer 14

Mandibular nerve near the mandibular foramen found on the medial side of mandible near angle of the mandible.

Question 15

The rostral maxilla can be blocked by injecting what structure at what location?

Answer 15

Infraorbital nerve as it exits the infraorbital foramen dorsal to the rostral aspect of the fourth upper premolar.

Question 16

The entire maxilla can be blocked by injecting what structure at what location?

Answer 16

Maxillary nerve rostral to the ramus and below the ventral border of the zygomatic arch just caudal to the lateral canthus of the eye.

Question 17

What vessel must be identified and ligated or cauterized during mandibulectomy?

Answer 17

Mandibular alveolar artery; The mandibular alveolar artery must be identified and ligated or cauterized during mandibulectomy?

Question 18

Oral tumor location strongly influences local recurrence rates, true or false?

Answer 18

TRUE; Oral tumor location strongly influences local recurrence rates.

Question 19

Oral tumors in the rostral aspect of the oral cavity have a better or worse prognosis than tumors located more caudally?

Answer 19

Better prognosis; Oral tumors in the rostral aspect of the oral cavity have a BETTER prognosis than tumors located more caudally?

Question 20

What is the local recurrence rate for tumors with complete histological margins versus those with incomplete margins?

Answer 20

15-22% for complete and 62-65% is the local recurrence rate for tumors with complete histological margins versus those with incomplete margins, respectively.

Question 21

The most common oral tumors in cats are what?

Answer 21

squamous cell carcinoma
fibrosarcoma
osteosarcoma

Question 22

What is one of the most likely complications in cats following mandibulectomy?

Answer 22

Inappetence; Inappetence is one of the most likely complications in cats following mandibulectomy.

Question 23

The root of the tongue consists of what set of three paired muscles?

Answer 23

styloglossus
hyoglossus
genioglossus

Question 24

The styloglossus, hyoglossus, and genioglossus muscles are controlled by what nerve?

Answer 24

Hypoglossal Nerve

Question 25

The most common locations for oral tumors in cats are where?

Answer 25

Gingiva and tongue; The gingiva and tongue are the most common locations for oral tumors in cats

Question 26

The most common locations for oral tumors in dogs are where?

Answer 26

Gingiva, tonsils, and lips are the most common locations for oral tumors in dogs.

Question 27

What are the most common lingual tumors in dogs?

Answer 27

Malignant melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, squamous papilloma, plasmacytoma, and fibrosarcoma.

Question 28

What dogs are at an increased risk of lingual tumors?

Answer 28

Large-breed dogs, Chows, and Chinese Shar-peis have increased risk of lingual melanoma compared with small-breed dogs and other breeds.

Question 29

Which gender is squamous cell carcinoma more common?

Answer 29

Females

Question 30

What two phenotypic characteristics are associated with increased incidence of lingual melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma?

Answer 30

Pigmented tongue and white haircoats are associated with increased incidence of lingual melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma.

Question 31

Lingual tumors account for approximately what percentage of all oropharyngeal tumors in the cat? A) 14%, B) 24%, C) 34%, D) 76%

Answer 31

24%

Question 32

What are the most common lingual tumors in cats?

Answer 32

Squamous cell carcinoma account for about 61% of cat lingual tumors.

Question 33

The most common location for oral squamous cell tumors in cats is where?

Answer 33

Ventral portion of the tongue near the frenulum

Question 34

What are the four (4) most common lingual tumors in cats?

Answer 34

Squamous cell carcinoma Fibrosarcoma Fibromatous epulis Lymphosarcoma

Question 35

In a study of risk factor for developing squamous cell carcinoma in cats, what are some of the risk factors?

Answer 35

Cats fed diets consisting mostly of canned food Cats fed canned tuna on a regular basis Cats who wore flea collars Cats living with a smoker

Question 36

What percentage of dogs with lingual tumors were malignant based on a recent study? A) 60% , B) 62%, C) 64%, D) 68%

Answer 36

64%

Question 37

Large wedge glossectomies extending greater than what percentage of the tongue width may result in an inadequate blood supply or loss of functionality of the rostral end of the tongue/

Answer 37

50%; Large wedge glossectomies extending greater than 50% of the tongue width may result in an inadequate blood supply or loss of functionality of the rostral end of the tongue.

Question 38

Resection of up to what percentage of the tongue in dogs is usually well tolerated with no assistance in feeding or dietary modification needed long term? A) 35% , B) 42%, C) 50%, D) 74%

Answer 38

50%; Resection of up to 50% of the tongue usually is well tolerated with no assistance in feeding or dietary modification needed long term

Question 39

What percentage of cats had long term eating difficulty after mandibulectomy? A) 35% , B) 42%, C) 50%, D) 74%

Answer 39

42%; 42% of cats had long term eating difficulty after mandibulectomy. 73% of the cats had inappetence or dysphagia immediately after surgery.

Question 40

The most common palatine tonsil tumors in is what?

Answer 40

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 41

Unlike other oral squamous cell carcinoma, tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma metastasizes A) early, B) intermediate, or C) late in the disease?

Answer 41

A) Early. In one study, 73% of dogs with tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma had metastasis to regional lymph nodes.

Question 42

List four tonsil tumors reported in dogs?

Answer 42

Squamous cell carcinoma Melanoma Lymphosarcoma Adenocarcinoma

Question 43

What is the reported median survival rate of tonsillectomy alone versus tonsillectomy followed by radiation therapy for squamous cell carcinoma?

Answer 43

2 months (60 days) for tonsillectomy alone versus 110 days for tonsillectomy followed by radiation therapy