Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Theory > Oral Malodor and Nicotine Use > Flashcards

Oral Malodor and Nicotine Use Flashcards

1
Q

types of halitosis

A

genuine halitosis: physiologic and pathologic
pseudo-halitosis
halitophobia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

genuine halitosis: physiologic

A

morning breath: due to hyposalivation during the night
diet: garlic, onion, eating disorders, special diets
tobacco/cannabis use
can be aggravated by menstrual cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

pathologic halitosis: intra oral

A

caused by bacteria: porphyromonas gingivalis is most common
hyposalivation: bacteria accumulate
periodontal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pathologic halitosis: extra oral

A

gastrointestinal: acid reflux, H.Pylori and ulcers
respiratory: infections such as tonsillitis or bronchitis, sinus issues, sepsis from foreign bodies inserted into nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

metabolic halitosis

A

blood-borne halitosis
diabetes
renal failure
liver disease - trimetylaminuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pseudo-halitosis

A

when a patient is under the impression they regularly suffer from halitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

halitophobia

A

classified as monosymptomatic hypochondriasis (a form of psychosis)
cannot be treated by the dental professional
requires referral for psychological evaluation/support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

chemical origin of halitosis

A

degradation of: peptides in saliva, epithelial cells, biofilm buildup, food debris, blood cells, gingival crevicular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

volatile sulphur compounds (VSC)

A

main cause of oral malodor
caused by anaerobic bacteria metabolizing amino acids which contain sulfur
intra oral and extra oral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the tongue and its environment

A

covered in papillae which create small grooves where bacteria, dead cells, and food can gather
accumulation creates a white plaque on the tongue that reduces oxygen for anaerobic bacteria to grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the posterior dorsum of the tongue

A

the most common area for tongue related halitosis
where most bacteria and food debris will collect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

tongue brushing

A

specialized tongue brush, or a toothbrush
done from terminal sulcus to tip of tongue in smooth strokes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

most effective to least effective mouth rinses

A

CHX: chlorhexidine
listerine
cetylpyridinium chloride: CPC
hydrogen peroxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

chlorhexidine

A

effective at treating VSC creating bacteria
side effects: staining, tissue sloughing, altered taste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

listerine

A

contains essential oils known to kill bacteria
flavoring masks the scent of halitosis
many contain alcohol which can dry out the tissues and lead to more malodor in the long run

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)

A

found in Crest Pro-Health and Colgate Total mouthwash
reduces bacterial growth
known to stain teeth (black line stain)
least effective against VSCs than other rinses
not generally recommended for long-term use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

hydrogen peroxide

A

effective but use caution
has been suggested as a pre-procedural rinse to reduce viral load and potentially reduce the spread of covid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

toothpaste

A

not as effective at reducing VSCs as mouth rinse
most effective pasts involve baking soda and/or zinc
most effective when combined with other methods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

chewing gum

A

stimulates salivary flow and helps cleanse oral cavity
sugar free gum leads to more malodor
gum with sugar alters the pH of the oral cavity reducing the VSCs created
mostly just masks the smell
improves self rated oral malodor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

probiotics

A

influence the physiologic flora of the oral environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

more treatments

A

tobacco cessation education
avoiding foods like garlic, onions
regular eating schedule and eating high fiber fruits and vegetables
referrals to other health care practitioners to treat underlying medical conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

components of tobacco products

A

nicotine
cancer causing
respiratory toxin
cardiovascular toxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

varieties of nicotine

A

smoking tobacco: cigarettes, cigars, pipes
chewing tobacco: spit, chaw, quid
poppers
vapes and e-cigs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

extra chemicals in vapes

A

contain some chemicals found in lead paint, gasoline, embalming fluid and cigarettes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

metabolism (smoked tobacco)

A

-passes through the bronchi of lungs to the blood stream
-nicotine makes it to the brain in less than 20 seconds
-peak plasma concentration at 10 minutes
-stays in body for 8-12 hours
-metabolized by the liver
-excreted in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

metabolism (smokeless)

A

-nicotine is absorbed through oral mucosa membranes and the gingiva
-nicotine concentration reduces over next 2 hours
-nicotine absorbed is 2-3X higher compared to a cigarette
-most juice byproduct is spit out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

cardiovascular effects

A

-increases risk for atherosclerosis and is a major risk factor of coronary heart disease
-cardiovascular diseases: atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, hypertension
-aortic aneurysm
-arterial thrombosis
-stroke

28
Q

increased risk of cardiovascular effects in people who

A

over age of 50
oral contraceptives
family history of heart disease

29
Q

pulmonary effects

A

increases risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
-emphysema: irreversible damage to alveoli which results in the bronchial tubes collapsing and air getting stuck in the lungs
-chronic bronchitis involves excess mucus in the lungs, results in a chronic cough

30
Q

tobacco and other substances

A

combining alcohol with smoking increases the risk of developing cancer

31
Q

environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)

A

consists of a mixture of chemicals created by burning tobacco
can last for hours inside, depending on the ventilation of the room
people exposed have a risk of developing the same health issues as smokers
nonsmokers may have more intense reactions

32
Q

toxicity of ETS compared to mainstream smoke

A

same chemicals
certain chemicals are higher concentrations
eye and nasal irritation

33
Q

prenatal smoking

A

smoking during pregnancy can lead to miscarriage, low birth weight, perinatal mortality, cleft lip/palate, delayed tooth formation

34
Q

infancy smoking

A

chemicals from smoking pass into breast milk
increased risk for lower respiratory tract infections in babies
ETS exposure is a cause of sudden infant death syndrome

35
Q

children smoking/ETS

A

lung development is affected
kids are at a higher risk for developing asthma
increased change of developing middle ear infections

36
Q

nicotine addiction

A

creates feeling of pleasure and wellbeing
smokers say it helps physical performance, mood or ability to think but in reality has no discernible change in performance or mood after smoking

37
Q

nicotine tolerance

A

over time tobacco users need to increase their usage as it becomes less effective

38
Q

nicotine dependence

A

amount and frequency of use needs to be increased to have desired effect
dopamine is released in the brain
addiction is like cocaine and heroine

39
Q

criteria for nicotine dependency

A

tolerance
withdrawal symptoms when stopped
increased use over time
wanting to, but having unsuccessful attempts at quitting

40
Q

factors affecting addiction

A

properties of psychoactive drug
family/peer influences
social acceptance
existing psychiatric conditions
cost and avilability
advertising

41
Q

withdrawal

A

maximum symptoms occur within 24 hours
relapse is common in first week of quitting and slowly diminish

42
Q

reasons for quitting smoking

A

general health concerns
specific health problems
effect on family
pregnancy
financial reasons
social pressure

43
Q

self help interventions

A

quitting cold turkey
lifestyle changes
slowly reducing number of cigarettes smoked daily
lower nicotine concentration
patches, gum, lozenges, nasal spray
quitting with friend or family

44
Q

assisted interventions to stop smoking

A

counseling
pharmacotherapies

45
Q

pharmacotherapies

A

makes it easier to quit smoking by replacing the nicotine
helps with withdrawal symptoms by filling cravings
casual use should be discouraged

46
Q

pharmacotherapy contraindications

A

pregnancy
nicotine patch: hypertension or allergies to adhesives
nicotine gum: hypertension, medications for asthma, depression, diabetes, heart disease, stomach ulcers

47
Q

nicotine replacement therapy

A

transdermal:
nicotine patch

transmucosal:
nicotine gum, nicotine inhaler, nicotine nasal spray, nicotine lozenge

48
Q

how do oral conditions from smoking vary

A

vary depending on type of tobacco used and what form
frequency and duration of use
intra and extra oral exam
show patient your findings and use as a motive to quit

49
Q

oral conditions from smoking include

A

squamous cell carcinoma
leukoplakia
ANUG
nicotine stomatitis
smoker’s melanosis
black hairy tongue
staining

50
Q

effects of smoking on periodontal tissues

A

tobacco is one of the biggest risk factors for periodontal disease
higher risk at a younger age
with gingivitis, immune inflammatory response to plaque is reduced compared to a nonsmoker

51
Q

periodontitis in smokers

A

more periodontal destruction
deeper pockets
recession in anterior teeth
lower subgingival temperature
tooth loss

52
Q

mechanism of destruction of smoking

A

lowers immune response: impairs neutrophils and alters antibody production
negative effect on bone metabolism, increased risk for osteoporosis
impaired healing due to issues with revascularization

53
Q

response to periodontal treatment in smokers

A

resistant to typical periodontal therapy
greater risk of implant failures
issues with healing after surgical and nonsurgical therapies
pristine home care can reduce effects

54
Q

role of DH patient history

A

use of tobacco assessed at each appointment

55
Q

role of DH extra oral exam

A

assess halitosis and electropositive smoke
fingers
skin
lips
facial hair

56
Q

role of DH intra oral exam

A

if a lesion is found show the patient and explain the nature
explain the consequences of continued tobacco use
record your findings in detail

57
Q

referrals

A

have patient come back in 2 weeks to reassess the lesion
if still present, refer the patient for a biopsy or consult
consult pathologist as necessary

58
Q

oral self exam

A

teach patients with the same techniques you use to do an EO/IO exam

59
Q

the sooner the malignant lesions are found…

A

-the higher the chance of survival
-the better the experience of treatment
-reduced treatment morbidity
-improved quality of life

60
Q

detect, relate, motivate

A

detect and show patient the lesions found
relate those lesions to tobacco use
motivate the patient to quit

61
Q

consult

A

refer patients to physician if they do not receive routine care
discovering underlying medical conditions can alter out treatment plans
may be able to receive prescription medication to assist with quitting

62
Q

clinical treatment of smokers

A

more stain, calculus and perio problems
longer appointments and more frequent
immaculate home care is priority

63
Q

debridement of smokers

A

inform patient that healing after a thorough debridement will be compromised
tobacco users cannot expect the same treatment outcomes as nonusers
use precaution when using powered instruments, patients at a higher risk of pulmonary and cardiovascular complications

64
Q

nutritional counselling

A

smokers may be malnourished
patients may be using smoking as a means for weight loss
smokeless tobacco may be sweetened with sugar

65
Q

halitosis of smokers

A

advise not to use alcohol containing rinses as they may dry out the tissue

Clinical Theory (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions