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Oral Bio > Oral Histo > Flashcards

Oral Histo Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Placed in the root canal

A

gutta-percha

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2
Q

as a general rule, teeth have ___ canal(s) (not true for all)

A

1

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3
Q

Max 1st molar has ____ roots and ___ canals. The roots are 2 on the ___ and 1 on the ____

A

3 roots 3 canals, 2 on B

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4
Q

The Scope of Endodontic treatment

A 
Diagnosis
Treat pain
vital pulp therapy
Regenerative procedures (trauma damaging root)
Nonsurgical root canal treatment
Retreatment of unsuccessful
internal bleaching
Endodontic surgery-last option after failed root canals
Traumatic injuries
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5
Q

Vital pulp therapy

A

Pulp is still vital… place MTA ontop of exposed pulp; root will gain width and length

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6
Q

regenerative pulp therapy

A

pulp is necrotic; use apical barrier technique

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7
Q

The art of endodontics

A

consists of conducting technical procedures during root canal treatment

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8
Q

the science of endo

A

basic and clinical sciences related to bio and patho that guide the art of endo to diagnose and treat via EBD

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9
Q

apical foramen

A

terminal end of root canal

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10
Q

used to determine working length

A

apical foramen

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11
Q

if you obstruct the ____ severe pain will occur

A

apical foramen

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12
Q

remove material short of the apical foramen

A

bacteria and necrotic tissue will remain and the root canal will fail

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13
Q

Stages of tooth development

A

Bud, Cap, Bell

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14
Q

the tooth originates as a __________ (the dentinal lamina) on the surface of embryonic jaws

A

a band of epithelial cells

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15
Q

The bell shaped downgrowth is the _____ origin

A

enamel

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16
Q

development of the dental papilla

A

densely packed cells, derived from cells that migrated from neural crest cells

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17
Q

dental papilla comes from cells which migrate from the

A

neural crest cells

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18
Q

dental papilla comes from cells which migrate from the

A

neural crest cells

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19
Q

the differentiation of ____ from undifferentiated ectomesenchymal cells is intiated and controlled by the ectodermal cells of the ______ of the enamel organ

A

odontoblasts

inner dental epithelium

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20
Q

in the enamel organ, a(n) _______ differentiates first and ______ second,

A

ameloblast

odontoblast

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21
Q

______ dentin is deposited first, along the DEJ in a band about _____ wide

A

mantle

150um

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22
Q

only the newly formed band of dentinal matrix along the pulpal border is uncalcified…..Significance?

A

external root resorption and internal root resorption

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23
Q

_______ are the site of intitial dentin formation/deposition

A

cusp tips

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24
Q

what is the initial dentin called?

A

mantle dentin

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25
Q

what is the initial dentin called?

A

mantle dentin

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26
Q

mineralization proceeds by an increase in ________ of the dentin

A

mineral density

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27
Q

dentin development moves in which direction

A

vertically-forms incremental layers

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28
Q

using a _________ of odontoblast you can see the coronal area of the pulp organ including the capillaries

A

photomicrograph

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29
Q

the inner and outer enamel _______ cells of the enamel organ fuse to form the ______

A

epithelial cells

root sheath

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30
Q

After crown formation they form a double layer of cells termed the root sheath or ______

A

Hertwig’s Epithelial Root Sheath (HERS)

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31
Q

The root sheath originates at the point that ________

A

enamel deposits end

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32
Q

As the root sheath lengthens, it become the _____ of the root

A

architect? okay…

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33
Q

the ______ cells control the length, curvature, thickness and number of roots

A

inner root sheath cells

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34
Q

Root dentin is formed —> _______ –>…

A

cell layer break down

–> mesenchymal cells from the tooth follicle move between the epithelial rests to contact the root surface and differentiate into cementoblast to deposit on the surface

–> last is calcification into mature cementum

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35
Q

Root dentin is formed —> cell layer break down –> ______

A

mesenchymal cells from the tooth follicle move between the epithelial rests to contact the root surface and differentiate into cementoblast to deposit on the surface –> calcification into mature cementum

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36
Q

lateral canals (define)

A

channels of communication between pulp and PDL

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37
Q

Cause of lateral canal formation

A

fragmentation of a localized area of a root sheath before dentin formation

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38
Q

Result of lateral canals (function)

A

direct communication between the pulp and PDL

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39
Q

Location of lateral canals

A

anywhere specifically apical region and furcal area

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40
Q

Significance of lateral canals

A

pathways along which disease may extend in either direction

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41
Q

size and shape of pulp chamber and age

A

become asymmetrical and smaller, decrease in height and size overtime

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42
Q

what can happen to the pulp overtime

A

calcification due to chronic irritation or trauma

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43
Q

significance of a changing pulp

A

can lead to difficulties in locating, cleaning, and shaping the root canal space

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44
Q

Root maturation

A

young, developed teeth have a better prognosis for pulp survival than teeth with mature roots after trauma

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45
Q

Number of canals/roots

A

at least one canal must be present in each root, some roots have multiple canals of varying sizes and configurations

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46
Q

Number of canals of MB root on max 1st molar

A

90% of the time this root has two canals?

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47
Q

size and location of the apical foramen-clinical importance

A

effects of cementum deposition or resorption

locating the apical constriction

establishing the working length by radiographs and apex locators

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48
Q

induction

A

initiation and development of dentin, when dentin is formed it leads to the formation of enamel

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49
Q

formation-pulp function (explain)

A

odontoblasts form dentin

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50
Q

Pulp functions (4)

A

responsible for formation of dentin, enamel, and the root

Also nutrition (pulp supplies nutrients for each of these formations and maintains the integrity

Defense: forming dentin in response to trauma or caries. Initiates immune response to foreign substances

Sensation: nerves in the pulp respond to stimuli….

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51
Q

Fast and sharp pain is the result of stimulation of the _______

A

myelinated sensory nerves while slow dull pain are unmyleinated nerve fibers

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52
Q

Direct innervation theory-based on what belief? Proven?

A

based on the belief that the nerves extend to the DEJ- however studies do not show nerves present at DEJ

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53
Q

most accepted theory for dentin hypersensitivity

A

hydrodynamic hypothesis

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54
Q

Transduction theory says what

A

the odontoblastic process is the receptor and that it conducts the pain in nerve endings in the peripheral pulp and in the dentinal tubules

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55
Q

Hydrodynamic theory

A

stimuli cause fluid flow through the dentinal tubules

This disturbance will lead to the activation of nociceptors in the inner dentin and peripheral pulp

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56
Q

Pulp sensation through the dentin and enamel is usually _____and ____ and is transmitted by _____ fibers

A

fast and sharp

ADelta fibers-narrow myelinated fibers

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57
Q

C fibers

A

slow conducting, dull, throbbing pain

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58
Q

fibers which dominate during inflammation and pulpal pain is dull

A

C fibers

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59
Q

The ___ has a much greater large fiber innervation than does the _____

A

PDL

Pulp

-many of these are mechanosensative which explains why pain from the tooth is more easily localized when inflammation has spread into the supporting tissues

60
Q

what explains why pain from the tooth is more easily localized when inflammation has spread into the supporting tissues

A

The periodontal ligament (PDL) has a much greater large-fiber innervation than does the pulp, and many of these fibers are mechanosensitive

61
Q

endo is the discipline of dentistry that deals with…

A

morphology, physiology, and patho of human dental pulp and periapical tissues, + prevention and treatment of diseases/injuries to these tissues

62
Q

The ______ is the loose connective tissue in the center of the tooth.

A

dental pulp

63
Q

The primary function of the pulp is to ____ and ____t he dentin that surrounds it and forms the bulk of the tooth

A

form and support

64
Q

from where is differentiation of the odontoblast controlled

A

***inner enamel epithelium

65
Q

when does the dental papilla become the dental pulp

A

**late bell stage-before this there is no dentin

66
Q

what is the first thin layer of dentin that is formed

A

**mantle dentin

67
Q

predentin makeup

A

90% collagenous fiber-comes before the mantle

68
Q

which tissue surrounds the embryonic pulp in the “cap” stage of tooth development?

A

***dental follicle

69
Q

derived from dental follicle

A

done and PDL?

70
Q

What characterizes dental papilla

A

densely packed cells

71
Q

what is the cause of discoloration in a grey looking tooth

A

***trauma

72
Q

How to fix a tooth suffering from trauma discoloration

A

***internal bleaching

73
Q

canal that runs horizontally

A

***lateral canal

74
Q

what is the cause of lateral canal formation? Fragmentation before or after

A

***fragmentation before dentin formation

75
Q

when the restoration does not go all the way down to the apical foramen

A

short filling-will likely need to redo

76
Q

what does external resorption look like?

A

**osteoclast first target the cementum..so from the outside

77
Q

endo defined

A

a discipline of dentistry that deals with the morphology, physiology, and pathology of the human dental pulp and periapical tissues, as well as the prevention and treatment of diseases and injuries related to these tissues

Keys: morphology, physiology, and pathology. and prevention and treatment

78
Q

the loose CT in the center of the tooth

A

dental pulp

79
Q

the primary function of the pulp is to

A

form and support the dentin that surrounds it and forms the bulk of the tooth

80
Q

the bell shaped downgrowth is the enamel origin and is ________ in origin

A

ectodermal

81
Q

responsible for amelogenesis

A

the bell-shaped downgrowth

82
Q

the tissue within the invagination known as the _____ becomes the dental pulp

A

dental papilla

83
Q

In the earliest stages of tooth development the dental lamina invaginates from the ____ _____

A

oral epithelium

84
Q

In the earliest stage of tooth development during the Bud stage of tooth development, _______ is beginning to condense around the tooth germ.

A

Ectomesenchyme (EM)

85
Q

During the earliest stages of tooth development… during the cap stage the condensed ectomesenchyme within the invagination is the _____ and the _______ is beginning to develop around the tooth germ

A

dental papilla

the dental follicle surrounds

86
Q

In the ______ stage the odontoblast layer and blood vessels are visible in the dental pulp

A

early bell stage

87
Q

the dental papilla is derived from cells that have migrated from the _________ (__________) and mingled with cells of local mesenchymal origin

A

neural crest (ectomesenchymal cells)

88
Q

the ______ is significant in supporting enamel organ bud formation into the cap and bell stage

A

dental papilla

89
Q

blood vessels and sympathetic nerve fibers appear early in the central region in the development of the _________

A

dental papilla

90
Q

During development of the dental papilla cellular changes result in formation of ________ around the central papilla

A

mineralized tissue

91
Q

The papilla becomes known as the ______

A

dental pulp-when?

92
Q

Controls the differentiation of odontoblasts from undifferentiated ectomesenchymal cells is initiated and controlled by the __________ of the ________ of the enamel organ

A

ectodermal cells of the

inner dental epithelium

93
Q

ameloblasts function (more than just enamel production)

A

Synthesize growth factors and signaling molecules that pass into the basal lamina of the epithelium and from there to the predontoblast.

The cells beneath the forming odontoblasts remain undifferentiated stem cells and retain the potential to differentiate…. note that once they differentiate they will lay down dentin through another process.

94
Q

How dentin is layed down? Start with ameloblast (long answer)

A

ameloblast make GF and signaling molecules –> into basal lamina to the preodontoblast –> differentiate into odontoblast –> inner dental epithelium that had the signaling molecules dissapears –> odontoblast link via tight junctions and gap junctions begin to lay down dentin

95
Q

once odontoblasts differentiate, they link up, how?

A

Via tight junctions and gap junctions

96
Q

Cells which respond to a signal from the odontoblasts and begin to deposit enamel

A

cells of the inner dental epithelium

97
Q

epithelial mesenchymal interaction

A

the back and forth signaling between cells of the inner dental epithelium and dentin being layed down

98
Q

Cells of the inner dental epithelium respond to signals from the _____ once dentin formation has begun and they then begin to deposit ______

A

signals from the odontoblasts cause the cells of the inner dental epithelium to deposit enamel

99
Q

At which stage has the internal dental epithelium differentiated into a layer of ameloblast but not laid down enamel

A

at the late cap stage

100
Q

During the late cap stage, has the outer layer of dental papilla differentiated into odontoblasts?

A

No

101
Q

Where outer cells of the dental papilla begin to become odontoblasts

A

at the periphery of what is now the dental pulp

102
Q

During the cap stage what are the ameloblasts doing

A

They fully differentiate but will not lay down enamel yet

103
Q

In what stage are odontoblasts laying down dentin and ameloblasts lay down little, if any enamel

A

bell stage

104
Q

Describe dentinogenesis (appearance of odontoblast)

A

odontoblast elongation and gaining the appearance of the protein producing cell

105
Q

When and where does a process develop which will become known as the odontoblast process

A

during dentinogenesis and this process develops at the proximal end of the cell adjacent to the ADJ

106
Q

A process develops at the proximal end of the cell adjacent to the ADJ during which stage?

A

Dentinogenesis

107
Q

Gradually the cell (odontoblast) moves in what direction?

A

Pulpward

108
Q

how dentin is formed along the ADJ

A

in increments

109
Q

The first material deposited by odontoblasts during dentinogenesis? Describe it too

A

First deposited is the dentin matrix (pre-dentin) which is a meshwork of collagen fibers and becomes calcified within 24 hours

110
Q

Pre-dentin becomes calcified within…?

A

24 hours

111
Q

Two phases of dentinogenesis

A

first: collagen matrix formation

Second: deposition of Ca phosphate (hydroxyappatite) crystals in the matrix which grow, spread, and coalesce until the matrix is completely calcified

112
Q

In the enamel organ is an ameloblast or odontoblast first to differentiate?

So is dentin or enamel formed first?

A

The ameloblast differentiates first BUT the odontoblast will actually form the dentin before the ameloblast forms enamel.

113
Q

First dentin formed and where?

A

Mantle dentin along the DEJ

114
Q

Width of the mantle dentin first formed

A

about 150um wide

115
Q

Where is predentin found? what is it?

A

it borders the pulp and is newly formed dentin before calcification and maturation

116
Q

Predentin composition

A

90% type 1 collagen fibers and 10% noncollagenous proteins which calcify within 24 hours as the odontoblast deposit a new band of collagen fibers

117
Q

What is the significance of the fact that only the newly formed band of dentinal matrix along the pulpal border is uncalcified

A

The external root and resorption of the internal root?

Key is that areas that do not calcify cannot be bound by osteoclasts

118
Q

What protects the external root surface from external resorption

A

precementum

119
Q

inner root sheath cells

A

The inner root sheath cells control the length, curvature, thickness and
number of roots

120
Q

Apical foramen defined

A

the portal of exit of pulp tissue into the peridontium

121
Q

Apical foramen location

A

at the end of or a short distance coronal to the anatomic root

122
Q

Number of apical foramen per tooth

A

One or multiple

123
Q

Pulp horns extend from what to what

A

the chamber into the cuspal region

124
Q

In young teeth, pulp horns are

A

extensive and may be inadvertently exposed during routine cavity prep

125
Q

Primary function of dental pulp (2)

A

Form and support the dentin

126
Q

_____ is the loose CT center of the tooth

A

Dental pulp

127
Q

Origin of the bell shaped downgrowth (which is the enamel organ)

A

Ectodermal –> responsible for amelogenesis

128
Q

Responsible for amelogenesis

A

The enamel organ, which is the bell shaped downgrowth

129
Q

The tissue within the invagination (the dental papilla) becomes the

A

Dental pulp-during the CAP stage

130
Q

During the earliest stages, the dental lamina invaginates from what

A

the oral epithelium

131
Q

During which stage is the Ectomesenchyme beginning to condense around the tooth germ?

A

Bud Stage

132
Q

During which stage does the dental follicle form around the tooth germ?

A

Development begins during the Cap Stage

133
Q

During which stage are the odontoblast layer and blood vessels visible in the dental pulp

A

The early bell stage

134
Q

the dental papilla is derived from cells which migrated from where

A

the neural crest (ectomesenchymal cells)

135
Q

The dental papilla is referred to as what? (think what cells are here)

A

Fibroblast in a delicate reticulum

136
Q

Blood vessels and sympathetic nerve fibers appear early in what region

A

the central region

137
Q

During development of the dental papilla, cellular changes result in the formation of what around the central papilla?

A

Mineralized tissue

138
Q

The papilla becomes known as what

A

the Dental pulp

139
Q

What controls, and initiates the differentiation of odontoblast from undifferentiated ectomesenchymal cells

A

The inner dental epithelium of the enamel organ

140
Q

What synthesizes growth factors and signaling molecules that pass into the basal lamina of the epithelium

A

Ameloblast

141
Q

Ameloblast produce GF and signaling molecules, where do these go?

A

They pass into the basal lamina of the epithelium and from there to the preodontoblast

142
Q

When does the initial dental epithelium which contained the signaling molecules disappear? What happens next?

A

Once the odontoblast layer has differentiated… and now the odontoblasts begin to lay down dentin

143
Q

Odontoblast are linked by what (3) just before laying down dentin

A

tight junctions, desmosomal junctions, and gap junctions

144
Q

Once dentin formation has begun, the cells of the inner dental epithelium begin responding to a signal from what and what does this initiate?

A

They begin responding to a signal from the odontoblasts to begin depositing enamel

145
Q

Epithelial-mesenchymal interaction

A

Once dentin formation has begun, the cells of the inner dental epithelium begin responding to a signal from what and what does this initiate….

They begin responding to a signal from the odontoblasts to begin depositing enamel

this is an example.

146
Q

Young, partially developed teeth have a ______ prognosis for a pulp survival than teeth with mature roots after trauma

A

better

Oral Bio (9 decks)

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