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GI > Oral Gastric Biochemistry > Flashcards

Oral Gastric Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose of saliva

A

 Provides lubrication that aids in swallowing
 Aids in the digestion of food and enzymatic cleavage
 Produces growth factors for epithelial cells
 Neutralizes bacterial acids
 Mediates taste sensations
 Provides defense against bacterial pathogens

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2
Q

Neve for parotic

A

Glossopharyngeal XI

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3
Q

nerve for sublingual/submandibular

A

Facial VII

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4
Q

Primary secreation from saliva

A

pytalin, alpha amylase, mucus, extracellular fluid

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5
Q

In saliva, what is abosorbed?

A

Na+ actively

Cl- passively

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6
Q

In saliva what is secreated?

A

K+ activly

HCO3- passively

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7
Q

Role of Lysozyme (part of saliva)

A

 Kills gram positive but not gram
negative bacteria
 Cleaves beta 1-4 linkages between NAM and NAG in GRAM POSTIVE bacterial
Cleave beta 1-4 links in in chitodextrins (fungus)

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8
Q

Enzyme that kills bacterial by producing reactive bromide and iodine molecules

A

Peroxidase

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9
Q

Protein that binds iron and prevents bacterial and some fungal growth

A

Lactoferrin

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10
Q

Secretory immunoglobulins that upon recognition and binding to bacteria induce
immune reactions

A

 IgA

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11
Q

Antimicrobial polypeptides that form pore complexes on microbial cell membranes

A

 Defensins

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12
Q

Large highly glycosylated proteins that modulate adhesion of bacteria to oral tissues
including teeth

A

 Mucins

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13
Q

Saliva contains Mucin which functions in:

A

 Lubricants
 Antimicrobial
 Found throughout the GI tract
 Highly O-glycosylated specific glycoproteins

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14
Q

Whats important about high HCO3- in saliva?

A

High HCO3 Neutralizes bacterial produced acids

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15
Q

Is there a lot of Na or Cl- in saliva?

A

nope

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16
Q

Shit that can carry viruses in saliva

A 
 Human Herpes
 Herpes Simplex
 Epstein Barr
 Mumps
 Rabies
 HIV
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17
Q

Xerostomia is caused by what two pathologies

A

 Cystic fibrosis
–Mutant chloride transporters to plasma
 Sjögren’s syndrome
–Autoantibodies to salivary gland proteins

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18
Q

What happens in cephalic phase of gastric secreation?

A

occurs from vagaus–> Ach–> causes secraetion of pepsin (chief) and acid (parietal)

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19
Q

What occurs in teh Gastric Phase

A

Local nervous secreatory reflexes
vagal reflexes
Gastrin-histamine stimulation

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20
Q

What happens during the intestinal phase?

A

Nervous and hormonal mechanisms

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21
Q

The VAgus nerve stimulates the relesase of what two things?

A

Acetycholine and Gastric relesase peptide

22
Q

What does Ach cause stimulation of?

inhibition of?

A

Ach stimulates: Parital cells–> HCl and ECL cell –> histamine
Ach inhibits: D Cell–> somatostatin

23
Q

Gastric releasing peptide stimulates secreation of waht?

A

G cell (antrum) to release Gastrin

24
Q

What stimulates D cells to release Somatostatin?

A

HCl

25
Q

What inhibits D cells from releasing SST

A

Acetycholine

26
Q

Somatostatin inhibits secreation of what three things?

A

Gcell–> gastrin
ECL–> histamine
Parietal cell–> HCl

27
Q

What stimulates G cells to release gastrin?

What inhibits it

A

GPR

inhibited by SST

28
Q

Gastrin stimulates the release of what three things

A

D cell–> somatostatin
ECL–> histamine
Parietal Cell–> HCl

29
Q

What stimulates and inhibits ECL cells to release histamine?

A

Stimulated by Ach

inhibitd by SST

30
Q

What 1 thing does histamine stimulate the release of?

A

Parietal cell –> HCl

31
Q

What 3 things stimulate release of HCL from parietal cells?

A

ACh, Histamine, Gastrin

32
Q

Stomach acid content (H+) will ______ within an hour of eating a meal

A

drop, thus pH will rise

33
Q

When do we see a rise in H+ secreation after a meal?

A

starts to rise about the same time it drops (d/t food buffering) so around 1 hour and peaks at 3

34
Q

Role of IF?

A

VitB12 absorption

35
Q

What digests fats?

A

salivary lipase from salivary glands

Gastric lipase from chief cells

36
Q

Pepsinogen for protein digestion and is secreated from:
secreation induced by:
activated by:

A

Chief Cells
 Secretion induced by acetylcholine (vagus and myenteric nerves),gastrin (G-cells), secretin (duodenum) and cholecystokinin (duodenum)
 Activated by HCl or Pepsin via accessing active site

37
Q

Mucous cells in stomach are made of

A

mucins, phospholipids, electorlytes, water

38
Q

Funxtion of mucous in stomach

A

protection, lubriation

39
Q

How does mucous protect stomach?

A

 HCO3; Neutralizes acid within mucous and is Released by superficial epithelial cells
 Mucins also protective

40
Q

What relseases HCO3 in stomach

A

superficial epitherlial clls

41
Q

Stomach fnx in storage by

 Food in concentric circles stretches the stomach causing _____to relax stomach wall

A

“vasovagal reflex”

42
Q

 Secreted digestive enzymes mixed with food by weak peristalic constrictor waves (mixing waves) initiated at _____stomach wall and propagated to the antrum

A

mid to upper

43
Q

_____muscle contraction pushes food towards the mid stomach

A

Pylorus (retrograde)

44
Q

How much food is released to duodenum at a time?

A

Only about a few milliliters of food is released into the duodenum (chyme)

45
Q

When empyting the stomach:

Intense peristaltic contractions in stomach antrum begin in_____and propagate

A

mid-stomach

46
Q

As stomach empties, the contractions start

A

further up the stomach wall

47
Q

In stomach:
 Stretching of the stomach wall by food
stimulates_____ reflexes to increase
activity of pylorus pump to empty stomach

A

myenteric

48
Q

IN stomach emptying:

____ stimulation of the pylorus pump.

A

Gastrin

49
Q

In Duodenum to control emptying of stomach:

 Duodenum nerves send signal in response to

A

wall distension, mucosal irritation, and chyme

acidity and osmolality

50
Q

Duodenal Signals sent through the____ nervous system, extrinsic nerves and vagus nerves in parallel to inhibit stomach contractions and increase tone of the pyloric sphincter.

A

enteric

GI (14 decks)

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