Oral functions - senses Flashcards
Imo 8.5: have knowledge of oral biology, to include detailed knowledge of the form and function of teeth and associated structures, in health and disease
what are the branches of the trigeminal nerve?
3
- opthalmic branch
- maxillary branch
- mandibular branch
what branch of what nerve innervates lower molars?
inferior alveolar nerve of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve
what nerve does the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve give off anteriorly?
mental nerve
where does the mental nerve exit the mandible?
mental foramen
what does the mental nerve supply?
sensory branches of the chin and lower lip
what does the inferior alveolar nerve block provide anaesthesia to?
7
- body of mandible and lower portion of ramus
- all mandibular teeth
- floor of mouth
- anterior 2/3 of tongue
- gingivae in lingual surface of mandible
- gingivae of labial surface of mandible
- mucosa and skin of lower lip and chin
why may numbnes after a ID block remain?
temporary damage to the inferior alveolar nerve
what is the difference between anaesthasia, paraesthesia and dysaesthesia?
- anaesthesia: completely numb, no sensation
- paraesthasia: an abnormal sensation, **tingling or prickling **
- dysaesthesia: an abnormal, unpleasant sensation when touched, caused by damage to peripheral nerve
what is the purpose of the gag reflex?
acts to prevent material entering the pharynx
what is the gag reflex evoked by?
mechanical stimulation of fauces, palate, posterior tongue, pharynx
what nerves are involved in a gag reflex?
5
- trigeminal CN5
- glossopharyngeal CN9
- vagus CN10
- accessory CN11
- hypoglossal CN12
motor response
what strategies can be put in place to reduce a gag reflex when taking an impression?
6
- dont overfill the palate of the tray
- put tray in from the back first so material does not overflow backwards
- use warm water when mixing so alginate sets quicker
- use a brand of alginate that sets faster
- distract the patient
- tell the patient to breathe through nose
what does the facial nerve innervate?
motor innervation of facial muscles
what is the function of the buccinator and orbicularis oris and what innervates them?
- helps to control bolus and **prevent spillage **
- innervated by the facial nerve (motor)
what is Bell’s Palsy?
any type of facial paralysis that does not have any assoiated causes
what are the causes of Bell’s Palsy?
6
- infections (HSV/cold sores)
- otitis media
- diabetes
- trauma
- toxins
- temporarily by infilatration of LA to the facial nerve branches during dental treatment
how can dentists cause Bell’s Palsy in patients?
- when the LA injection is given too far distally and the parotid gland is penetrated
- LA diffuses through the loose glandular tissue and to the facial nerve
- all 5 terminal branches of the facial nerve is affected
what are the complications of the ID block?
- inability to close eye or blink
- inability to raise corner of the mouth
- inability to puff cheeks
how should a patient suffering with temporary Bell’s Palsy after LA be treated until back to normal?
- patient should be informed and reassured as to the transitory nature of the Palsy
- eye should be covered with a loose pad to protect the cornea until blinking returns
where should an ID block be given and how should you ensure you do not damage the patient?
injection is given near the mandibular foramen
* look for the coronoid notch for the height of injection
* look for the pterygomandibular raphe to insert the injection lateral to it
* injection is usually 6-10mm above the occlusal plane of the mandibular molars
* ensure bone is hit before administering the injection
what do periodontal mechanoreceptors allow for?
- finer discrimination of food texture, tooth contacts and levels of functioning
- control of jaw function
- precision of magnitude
- assessment of direction of forces applied to teeth
- rate of occlusal load application
what is the decoronisation of the abutments of teeth and keeping the roots for dentures known as?
overdentures
what are the psychological advantages of overdentures?
prevents the feeling of total tooth loss of natural teeth and makes eventual transition to complete dentures more acceptable
what do mechanoreceptors sense?
touch and pressure
what oral functions do mechanoreceptors contribute to?
3
- mastication (food consistency)
- salivation
- interdental discrimination
what are the advantages of overdentures compared to complete dentures?
- teeth with periodontal ligament (PDL) provide proprioceptive feedback, enabling fine motor
control during precision tasks as the PDL contains mechanoreceptors - complete dentures lack a PDL, relying instead on osseointegration with the surrounding bone,
significantly reducing proprioceptive input, making it harder to modulate force and
perform delicate tasks accurately
what disorders can cause or lead to food getting stuck in your oesophagus?
5
- stroke
- brain injury
- multiple sclerosis
- gastroesophageal reflux disease
- tumours
how do you detect for a stroke?
compare sensorial and motor responses from both sides of the face and oropharynx
* strokes appear unilateral
how can you tell that a sweet in your mouth is a mint with a hole in it without looking at it?
- you will have taste buds and olfaction of mint
- compressing it against the hard palate with the tongue can **format the shape **of the sweet
- mechanoreceptors identify the format with two point discrimination of both tissues
what are nociceptors? where can they be found in the mouth?
respond to intense (noxious) stimuli, usually associated with pain
* found in the dental pulp and mucosa
