Oral Functions: Reflexes Flashcards
what are the 3 stages of swallowing
buccal phase, pharyngeal phase, oesophageal phase
what is swallowing
process by which the accumulated food bolus is transported through the lower pharynx and oesophagus to the stomach (feeding function)
what does swallowing prevent
ingested material from entering the lower airway
how is swallowing potentially dangerous
because the foodway crosses the airway
describe the motion of swallowing liquids
liquid gathered on tongue anterior to pillars of fauces, posterior oral seal present, liquid propelled through oro and hypo-pharynx and into oesophagus
describe the motion of swallowing solids
chewed food accumulates on pharyngeal part of tongue and oropharynx, no true oral seal, bolus propelled from the tongue through the hypo-pharynx and into oesophagus
what is the similarity in swallowing liquids and solids
both are moved rapidly through the hypopharynx past the laryngeal inlet
what is the main difference in swallowing liquids and solid
oral seal presence/absence
what does the forward movement of the tongue during the occlusal and initial opening phases create
a contact between tongue and hard palate
what is the squeeze-back mechanism
contact zone moves progressively backwards squeezing the processed food through the fauces
what are the events which occur during swallowing?
propulsion of food, prevention of reflux, protection of airway
what is the duration of masticatory sequence dependent on?
food consistency
how is reflux prevented?
elevation of soft palate tongue sides contact pillars of fauces tongue dorsum contacts posterior pharyngeal wall upper oesophageal sphincter lower oesophageal sphincter
what can stomach acid cause?
erosion by reflux, vomiting, regurgitation and rumination
what is the main cause of palatal surface erosion?
stomach acid
what is the intrinsic factor for erosion?
stomach acid
what is the extrinsic factor for erosion
fizzy drinks
what is attrition
tooth wear occlusally caused by contact between occluding teeth (bruxism/parafunction)
what is an indication of attrition
inter-digitation of teeth
what is abrasion caused by?
biting/chewing objects between teeth
what is the most common presentation of tooth wear
abrasion combined with erosion
how do you get erosion and abrasion at the same time
acids weaken the outer 3-5microns of mineralised tissue and increase the susceptibility of the enamel and dentine to abrasion from toothbrushing
what is abfraction
a wedge shaped notch caused by flexure and ultimate material fatigue of susceptible teeth at locations away from the point of loading (cervical regions)
what is abfraction dependent on?
magnitude, duration, frequency and location of occlusal forces
how does airway protection work?
upward and forward movement of larynx, closure of laryngeal inlet, adduction of vocal folds, stop breathing
what is dysphasia
a specific language disorder involving damage to particular parts of the brain - Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area
what is dysphagia
inability/difficulty in swallowing
what is odynophagia
pain when swallowing
what is dysarthria
difficult in speaking caused by problems with the muscles used in speech due to neuro-muscular defects (lesions in descending pathways, cranial nerves e.g.)
what are the oral causes of language and speech defects?
malocclusions, loss of teeth and denture related, cleft lip/palate, tongue related, dry mouth
what is an anterior open bite caused by?
digit sucking, tongue thrust, skeletal origin
what is cleft palate?
oral and nasal cavities are not separated
what does speech sound like with a cleft palate patient
nasally
what conditions affect the tongue?
tongue tie, partial atrophy, tongue stud
what is a consequence of xerostomia?
impeded speech, pronouncing words, cannot swallow and start talking normally
what is a mandibular torus
benign neoplasm on the lingual aspect of mandible
what is a torus palatinus
overgrowth of palatal bone in midline - mainly benign
do tori cause speech problems?
no
how can speech problems arise from dentures?
restricted tongue space, base plate too thick, teeth not set properly
what does excessive thickening of the palate do?
laterally prevents close adaption of the tongue to the palate so that the s sounds become sh sounds
if the dentures have the wrong occlusal planes what can that cause?
problems pronouncing f, v, ph sounds (fricative/labio-dental sounds)
what does the loss of maxillary anterior teeth do to speech?
prevent clear reproduction of certain sounds like F and V
where should the lip of maxillary incisors tough during fricative sounds?
the vermillion border of the lip
how is speech assessed?
by asking fundamental questions about address, family details
what is embouchure?
the position and use of lips, tongue and teeth in playing a wind instrument
what should you watch out for with wind instrument players in relation to placement of teeth?
retention and appliance
