Oral Functions: Reflexes

Question 1

what are the 3 stages of swallowing

Answer 1

buccal phase, pharyngeal phase, oesophageal phase

Question 2

what is swallowing

Answer 2

process by which the accumulated food bolus is transported through the lower pharynx and oesophagus to the stomach (feeding function)

Question 3

what does swallowing prevent

Answer 3

ingested material from entering the lower airway

Question 4

how is swallowing potentially dangerous

Answer 4

because the foodway crosses the airway

Question 5

describe the motion of swallowing liquids

Answer 5

liquid gathered on tongue anterior to pillars of fauces, posterior oral seal present, liquid propelled through oro and hypo-pharynx and into oesophagus

Question 6

describe the motion of swallowing solids

Answer 6

chewed food accumulates on pharyngeal part of tongue and oropharynx, no true oral seal, bolus propelled from the tongue through the hypo-pharynx and into oesophagus

Question 7

what is the similarity in swallowing liquids and solids

Answer 7

both are moved rapidly through the hypopharynx past the laryngeal inlet

Question 8

what is the main difference in swallowing liquids and solid

Answer 8

oral seal presence/absence

Question 9

what does the forward movement of the tongue during the occlusal and initial opening phases create

Answer 9

a contact between tongue and hard palate

Question 10

what is the squeeze-back mechanism

Answer 10

contact zone moves progressively backwards squeezing the processed food through the fauces

Question 11

what are the events which occur during swallowing?

Answer 11

propulsion of food, prevention of reflux, protection of airway

Question 12

what is the duration of masticatory sequence dependent on?

Answer 12

food consistency

Question 13

how is reflux prevented?

Answer 13

elevation of soft palate 
tongue sides contact pillars of fauces 
tongue dorsum contacts posterior pharyngeal wall 
upper oesophageal sphincter 
lower oesophageal sphincter

Question 14

what can stomach acid cause?

Answer 14

erosion by reflux, vomiting, regurgitation and rumination

Question 15

what is the main cause of palatal surface erosion?

Answer 15

stomach acid

Question 16

what is the intrinsic factor for erosion?

Answer 16

stomach acid

Question 17

what is the extrinsic factor for erosion

Answer 17

fizzy drinks

Question 18

what is attrition

Answer 18

tooth wear occlusally caused by contact between occluding teeth (bruxism/parafunction)

Question 19

what is an indication of attrition

Answer 19

inter-digitation of teeth

Question 20

what is abrasion caused by?

Answer 20

biting/chewing objects between teeth

Question 21

what is the most common presentation of tooth wear

Answer 21

abrasion combined with erosion

Question 22

how do you get erosion and abrasion at the same time

Answer 22

acids weaken the outer 3-5microns of mineralised tissue and increase the susceptibility of the enamel and dentine to abrasion from toothbrushing

Question 23

what is abfraction

Answer 23

a wedge shaped notch caused by flexure and ultimate material fatigue of susceptible teeth at locations away from the point of loading (cervical regions)

Question 24

what is abfraction dependent on?

Answer 24

magnitude, duration, frequency and location of occlusal forces

Question 25

how does airway protection work?

Answer 25

upward and forward movement of larynx, closure of laryngeal inlet, adduction of vocal folds, stop breathing

Question 26

what is dysphasia

Answer 26

a specific language disorder involving damage to particular parts of the brain - Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area

Question 27

what is dysphagia

Answer 27

inability/difficulty in swallowing

Question 28

what is odynophagia

Answer 28

pain when swallowing

Question 29

what is dysarthria

Answer 29

difficult in speaking caused by problems with the muscles used in speech due to neuro-muscular defects (lesions in descending pathways, cranial nerves e.g.)

Question 30

what are the oral causes of language and speech defects?

Answer 30

malocclusions, loss of teeth and denture related, cleft lip/palate, tongue related, dry mouth

Question 31

what is an anterior open bite caused by?

Answer 31

digit sucking, tongue thrust, skeletal origin

Question 32

what is cleft palate?

Answer 32

oral and nasal cavities are not separated

Question 33

what does speech sound like with a cleft palate patient

Answer 33

nasally

Question 34

what conditions affect the tongue?

Answer 34

tongue tie, partial atrophy, tongue stud

Question 35

what is a consequence of xerostomia?

Answer 35

impeded speech, pronouncing words, cannot swallow and start talking normally

Question 36

what is a mandibular torus

Answer 36

benign neoplasm on the lingual aspect of mandible

Question 37

what is a torus palatinus

Answer 37

overgrowth of palatal bone in midline - mainly benign

Question 38

do tori cause speech problems?

Answer 38

no

Question 39

how can speech problems arise from dentures?

Answer 39

restricted tongue space, base plate too thick, teeth not set properly

Question 40

what does excessive thickening of the palate do?

Answer 40

laterally prevents close adaption of the tongue to the palate so that the s sounds become sh sounds

Question 41

if the dentures have the wrong occlusal planes what can that cause?

Answer 41

problems pronouncing f, v, ph sounds (fricative/labio-dental sounds)

Question 42

what does the loss of maxillary anterior teeth do to speech?

Answer 42

prevent clear reproduction of certain sounds like F and V

Question 43

where should the lip of maxillary incisors tough during fricative sounds?

Answer 43

the vermillion border of the lip

Question 44

how is speech assessed?

Answer 44

by asking fundamental questions about address, family details

Question 45

what is embouchure?

Answer 45

the position and use of lips, tongue and teeth in playing a wind instrument

Question 46

what should you watch out for with wind instrument players in relation to placement of teeth?

Answer 46

retention and appliance