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BDS2 BAMS Oral Biology > Oral Functions 4 - reflexes and speech > Flashcards

Oral Functions 4 - reflexes and speech Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 stages of swallowing

A

buccal
pharyngeal
oesophageal

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2
Q

what is the buccal phase

A

it is the voluntary phase

the bolus moves up and down against the hard palate and it is pushed into the oropharynx

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3
Q

what is the function of saliva in swallowing

A

it secretes enzymes

lingual lipase and salivary amylase

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4
Q

what does the water content of saliva do

A

it binds particles together to create a bolus

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5
Q

what is deglutition

A

food passing from mouth to stomach

consists of voluntary and involuntary contractions

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6
Q

what is deglutition controlled by

A

nervous system

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7
Q

what is the pharyngeal phase

A

involuntary
move food from pharynx to oesophagus
signals are sent from the medulla to close off the epiglottis and the uvula closes over

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8
Q

what is the esophageal phase

A

peristalsis

progression of involuntary wave like contractions

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9
Q

what are the two functions of swallowing

A

feeding function

protective function

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10
Q

what is swallowing

A

process by which the accumulated food bolus is transported through the lower pharynx and oesophagus to the stomach (feeding function)

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11
Q

how is swallowing preventative

A

it prevents ingested material from entering the lower airway

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12
Q

how is swallowing potentially dangerous

A

because the foodway crosses the airway

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13
Q

describe the process of swallowing liquids

A

liquids are gather on the tongue anterior to the pillars of the fauces
the liquid is then propelled through the oro- and hypo-pharynx and then into the oesophagus

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14
Q

what separates the mouth from the pharynx when swallowing liquids

A

the POSTERIOR ORAL SEAL

when swallowing liquid there is an oral seal

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15
Q

describe the process of swallowing solids

A

chewed food material accumulated on the pharyngeal part of the tongue and vallecula (-oro pharynx)
the bolus is then propelled through the tongue through the hypo-pharynx and then into the oesophagus

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16
Q

is there an oral seal when swallowing solids

A

NO

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17
Q

describe the squeeze back mechanism

A

the forward movement of the tongue during the occlusal and initial opening phases creates a contact between the tongue and the hard palate

the contact zone moves progressively backwards, squeezing the processed food through the fauces

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18
Q

what are the events of swallowing

A

propulsion of food
preventing of ‘reflux’
protecting the airway

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19
Q

what does the duration of the masticatory sequence vary with

A

food consistency

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20
Q

what do the masticatory muscles do in humans

A

stabilize the swallowing process

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21
Q

how is reflux prevented

A

elevation of soft palate
sides of tongue contacts pillar of fauces
dorsum of tongue contacts posterior pharyngeal wall
upper oesophageal sphincter
lower oesophageal sphincter

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22
Q

what is erosion

A

tooth surface loss

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23
Q

how can stomach acid erode teeth

A

by reflux
vomiting
regurgitation
rumination

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24
Q

when palatal erosion is seen what is most likely

A

stomach acid

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25
Q

what is attrition

A

tooth wear occlusally caused by contact between occluding teeth

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26
Q

what is attrition usually due to

A

bruxism/parafunction

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27
Q

what is seen in attrition

A

the teeth inter digitate indicating that attrition is occurring
equal amounts between upper and lower

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28
Q

what is recommended for those with bruxism

A

psychological caused condition
can’t ‘treat’
can offer relaxation techniques
mouthguard to protect teeth

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29
Q

what is abrasion

A

due to another object

30
Q

what may abrasion be caused of

A

might be caused by biting or chewing objects between the teeth for example tobacco pipes, nails or pens

31
Q

what is the most common presentation of tooth wear

A

the result of a combined lesion involving erosion and abrasion

32
Q

why does acid make the teeth more susceptible to abrasion from toothbrushing

A

acid weakens the outer 3-5 microns of mineralized tissue

33
Q

what is abfractions

A

stress lesions

34
Q

how does abfractions present

A

wedge shaped notch

35
Q

what is abreaction’s caused by

A

flexure and ultimate material fatigue of susceptible teeth at locations away from the point of loading (cervical regions)

36
Q

what is the breakdown of abfractions depend on

A

magnitude, duration and frequency and location of the occlusal forces

37
Q

how is the airway protected

A

upward and forward movement of the larynx
closure of laryngeal inlet (aryepiglottic muscles and epiglottis)
adduction of vocal folds
stop breathing (apnea)

38
Q

what is dysphasia

A

a specific language disorder

39
Q

what does dysphasia involve

A

damage to particular parts of the brain:
broca’s area
wercicke’s area

40
Q

what is dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing

41
Q

what is odynophagia

A

pathological condition in which the affected person experiences extreme pain when swallowing

42
Q

what is dysarthria

A

difficulty speaking that is caused by problems with the muscles used in speech

43
Q

what is dysarthria due to

A

neuromuscular defects

lesions in descending neural pathways, cranial nerves, vocal muscles, neuromuscular junctions

44
Q

what are the oral causes of language and speech defects

A 
malocclusions
loss of teeth and denture related 
cleft lip/palate
tongue related
dry mouth
45
Q

what are the different reasons for anterior open bites

A

digit sucking
skeletal origin
tongue thrust

46
Q

what is a cleft palate

A

oral and nasal cavities are not separated

47
Q

how is speech effected in a cleft palate patient

A

it has nasal quality

48
Q

how is cleft palate treated

A

has to be repaired or filled with an obturator

49
Q

what are conditions affecting the tongue

A

tongue tie
partial atrophy
tongue stud

50
Q

what is xerostomia

A

dry mouth

51
Q

what is one fo the serious repercussions of dry mouth

A

impeded speech

without adequate saliva production, pronouncing words becomes difficult

52
Q

how do those with xerostomia find difficult in relation to speaking

A

they cannot swallow and start talking normally

53
Q

what is a tori

A

benign bone tumor

no malignant transformation

54
Q

what is the effect of tori

A

won’t cause any issues

difficult to have RPD with it due to its interference with the major connector

55
Q

what are denture related speech problems

A

problems mainly arise from restricted tongue space
the denture base plate being too thick
the artificial teeth not being set properly

56
Q

what sounds does the position of the tongue involved in

A

th/s/sh

57
Q

how should the denture base be shaped

A

so the tongue can form narrow channel in the midline for producing the s sound

58
Q

what does excessive thickening of the palate laterally resulting

A

prevents close adoption of the tongue to the palate so that the s becomes sh

59
Q

what problems does a wrong occlusal plane result in

A

issues pronouncing f v and ph
labiodental sounds
fricative sounds

60
Q

how should dentures be fabricated

A

to a morphology that does not cause interference with tongue/lip/cheek movement

61
Q

what may loss of maxillary anterior teeth prevent

A

clear reproduction of certain sounds particularly f and v

62
Q

how are f and v sounds made

A

lower lip contacting the edges of maxillary incisors

63
Q

during fricative sounds what do the tips of maxillary incisor teeth touch

A

the vermillion border of the lip

64
Q

what are the terms in regards to anatomy of the lips

A 
philtrum
cupids bow
vermillion border
commisure 
vermillion zone
65
Q

how may the tone of the lips and cheeks be assessed when replacing missing teeth

A

by asking fundamental questions

this will indicate the functional relationship of the lips and tongue to dentures in speech

66
Q

what do the aerodigestive tract and facial tissues produce

A

vocal sounds

contribute to the playing of wind instruments

67
Q

what is embouchure

A

the position and use of lips and tongue and teeth in playing a wind instrument

68
Q

what factors might influence the final choice of treament

A 
cost
effects on adjacent teeth 
aesthetics
function 
life span
69
Q

what does the trumpet tend to do

A

its mouthpiece is usually centered on the lips

tends to move all front teeth back

70
Q

what are issues for musicians and dentists

A

teeth - restorations, loss and replacement aesthetics
tongue
facial muscles - lips and cheeks

71
Q

when do we find out about wind instruments players

A

during social history taking

72
Q

How is the airway protected during swallowing

A

apnea
upward and forward movement of hyoid-laryngeal complex and a closure of the laryngeal inlet (depression of epiglottis and adduction of vocal cords)

BDS2 BAMS Oral Biology (10 decks)

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